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发薪日贷款:年轻人的“信贷流感”

2017-10-12 07:27:54   

快速膨胀的现金贷是个“舶来品”,即在西方发达国家受年轻人追捧的“发薪日贷款”(Payday loan)。所谓“发薪日贷款”,其实是一种短期、高利息、低担保、发资快的小额贷款,其模式是借款人签下一份金额为借款+利息的支票交给贷款公司,贷款公司承诺在还款日,通常为发薪日的后一天之前不会去银行兑换该支票,故而得名为“发薪日贷款”。

如果在发薪日无法偿还该贷款,借款人还可以选择通过支付相同的一笔利息,使贷款延长1个周期,这被称为滚动。一般来说,发薪日贷款的月利率为15%-30%,即年利率180%-360%。

中国证券报记者前期对美国、英国多个城市的年轻人进行随机采访时发现,发源于欧美国家的发薪日贷款在这些国家同样饱受争议,甚至被称作“信贷流感”。“不到万不得已,绝对不会轻易尝试这类产品。”多位欧美在校大学生对记者表示。

不少金融业内人士担忧年轻人过度依赖现金贷,“流感肆虐”使得老百姓原本困难的生活雪上加霜,或者面临高压催收。美国联邦商务委员会(FTC)在其官网上对发薪日贷款做了明确的定义,并且向公众阐述其危害。联邦商务委员会建议,在万不得已,必须求助发薪日贷款时,务必保证能在第一个发薪日还清,防止进一步危害。

皮尤慈善信托基金会在2012年发布的一份报告显示:在美国,大多数发薪日贷款的借款人为25—44岁的白人女性。而在控制其他的特征后,有5种人群更倾向于使用发薪日贷款:未持有大学及以上学历的人;租房者;非裔美国人;年薪在4万美元之下者(美国收入的中位数是年薪51000美元)及离异人士。

现如今,发薪日贷款的规模与受众日益扩大。根据英国媒体今年9月做的抽样调查,有25%的18岁至30岁年轻父母曾经借过发薪日贷款,而超过50%的受访者在月底需要依靠借款维持生计。不过,对于受过高等教育的人来说,这种情况截然相反。

伦敦政治经济学院一位讲师对中国证券报记者表示,自己从未听闻过发薪日贷款这类贷款;而一位教育行业从业者则向记者表示,自身与友人都认为发薪日贷款是一种高利贷,故而从未使用过。

面对着日益扩大的借款人群和随之带来得风险问题,西方各国政府不得不出台了法规来规范包含发薪日贷款在内的各项贷款。

比如,英国就在2015年规定,发薪日贷款的日利率不得超过0.8%,而总还款量不得超过本金的200%。即便如此,仍有许多涉世未深或缺乏金融知识的人,由于发薪日贷款的巨额利息而面临信用及还款难题。英国竞争与市场管理局在今年5月出台了附加规定。该规定要求所有的发薪日贷款公司需在其网页的显著位置上添加一个价格比对网页,以供借款人选择相对代价低廉的借款方式。值得注意的是,英国网站moneysavingexpert.com表示,在英国使用过“发薪日贷款”是项个人征信的不良记录,将对日后申请房贷产生影响。

澳大利亚规定所有的贷款公司年利率不得超过48%。而对于2000澳元以下,还款期在16天至1年的小额短期贷款,则可以在48%的年利率上额外收取本金的20%作为手续费。在加拿大,绝大多数省份规定还款期2周的短期贷款,其利息不得超过21%。

在美国,部分州采取了规定发薪日贷款上限的方式,例如华盛顿州规定发薪日贷款上限为700美元与月收入的30%之间的较小值,而且每年不得借超过8笔;维吉尼亚州规定发薪日贷款最多可滚动2次。但是例如纽约州则定义发薪日贷款为非法贷款。谷歌在2016年7月13日起,禁止要求60天内还款或借贷利率高于36%的贷款公司发布广告,称这一产业是具有“欺骗性的”和“有害的”,这其中就包含了发薪日贷款。而作为社交媒体的Facebook则在2015年5月全面禁止了这方面广告。

另外,面对日益扩大的发薪日贷款带来的社会问题,各国也在各种渠道向公众提出了建议。美国联邦商务委员会建议公众尽量选择小额贷款公司、选择用信用卡消费以及最重要的是根据自己的消费能力做出预算。

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