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陆磊:汇率会更具弹性 坚持优化中间价形成机制

2017-09-14 08:51:23   中国经济网

(原标题:国家外汇管理局副局长陆磊:汇率会更具弹性 坚持优化中间价形成机制)

自8月25日开始,人民币对美元连续11个交易日上涨,最近的两个交易日,人民币中间价有所下调。那么怎么看待下一阶段的人民币汇率走势?

国家外汇管理局副局长陆磊13日在国家金融与发展实验室主办的“人民币与外汇市场论坛”上表示,人民币汇率会更具弹性,完善以市场供求为基础的人民币汇率形成机制的方向是不会改变的。具体的操作是坚持优化“收盘汇率+一篮子货币汇率变化”的人民币对美元汇率中间价形成机制,同时引导实体经济更多地用相关币种来进行贸易、投资、结算。

所谓“收盘汇率+一篮子货币汇率变化”,是指做市商在进行人民币对美元汇率中间价报价时,需要考虑“收盘汇率”和“一篮子货币汇率变化”两个组成部分。其中,“收盘汇率”是指上日16时30分银行间外汇市场的人民币对美元收盘汇率,主要反映外汇市场供求状况;“一篮子货币汇率变化”是指为保持人民币对一篮子货币汇率基本稳定所要求的人民币对美元双边汇率的调整幅度。

“我们处在一个变化的时代,这种变化使得资本流动、汇率的影响因子变得更加复杂和高频。”陆磊坦陈。

他指出,由于我国货币跨境额度巨大,离岸市场已经形成,所以各类投资者开始把微观现象作为影响币值的因素,比如他们很关注中国企业的杠杆率、商业银行资产质量、地方政府负债等,并进而决定操作。而十年前国际投资者很少关注这些微观数据。

这就对有关部门的宏观调控形成压力。“也就是说,仅仅从简单的几个主要变量的角度出发,来观察人民币对主要货币、一篮子货币汇率的时代可能已经过去。”陆磊称,这需要宏观调控部门从一般均衡而不是局部均衡的角度来思考问题,并对知识量、信息量、信息处理速度和方式提出新的要求。

其中一个非常关键的方面是金融市场的基础设施。陆磊表示,基础设施要能实时反映各个交易者、交易量、所需要清算额度及是否具有中央对手方等,以确保每一天、每一个时间节点相对平稳。

过去的一两年,人民币单边升值预期或者单边贬值预期在一段时间内存在,市场主体都感受到这种一致性预期形成的冲击力。

“在一致性预期下,是否需要强力主体,形成相关管理?这就是我们现在在探索的跨境资本流动以及系统性风险宏观审慎管理制度框架。”陆磊称,就他个人理解,这个框架就是一个“对手方”,在大家一致性看好时“降降温”,在大家一致性看空时“提提劲儿”。

上述的一席话,很好地解释了近日人民银行为何将外汇风险准备金征收比例降为零,并取消对境外金融机构境内存放准备金的穿透式管理。这两项政策都是在前两年人民币汇率出现波动、资本流动呈现一定顺周期性的背景下出台的。当前,人民币汇率水平趋于均衡,市场环境已转向中性,有必要调整前期为抑制外汇市场顺周期波动而出台的逆周期宏观审慎管理措施。

此外,对于开放与风险的关系,陆磊指出,开放总体看带来了优化和繁荣。我国还是新兴加转轨的金融市场体系,由于开放不足,规则还不能完全和国际接轨,套利必定在多个场合发生。开放就是游戏规则和国际接近的过程。

从市场参与主体的角度观察,陆磊指出,如果有更多的中资主体走向国际市场,同时有更多的外资主体走向中国的货币市场、资本市场,那么散户行为、羊群行为可能会得到改变。因为国际机构经历过若干周期,见识过危机,知道怎么通过内部管理、法人治理、风险管控来实现风险最小化,因此“打开的窗户不会再关上”,市场的开放会是一个基本方向。

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