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强化汇率预期管理仍不可掉以轻心

2017-08-30 07:05:28   中国经济网

中国外汇交易中心29日数据显示,人民币对美元中间价报6.6293,较上一交易日再上行60个基点,这是继28日人民币中间价大涨226个基点之后,人民币中间价再次上行,创下了自2016年8月19日以来的最高。当日,人民币兑美元即期收盘价冲破6.60关口,涨至6.5975的水平。

引发本周人民币对美元汇率上涨的直接因素是美元指数的走弱。美联储主席耶伦上周表示,应当温和调整金融监管政策,但并未提及加息等货币政策。此后美元指数一路下行,目前已经跌至92下方,为近15个月新低。受美元指数下行影响,人民币中间价走强。

不过,本周人民币的走强并不只是短期因素作用下的昙花一现,实际上,其近两日走势正是今年6月以来人民币汇率“势如破竹”涨势的缩影。WIND数据显示,今年以来人民币对美元中间价升值了4.35%。这轮上涨背后有多个力量的推动,包括中国宏观经济基本面的支撑、美元指数的持续走弱,以及货币当局在引导市场预期方面所做出的尝试。

在人民币中间价形成机制中引入“逆周期因子”,被认为是货币当局为引导人民币市场预期而采取的重要举措,也是助推此轮较长周期的人民币汇率上涨的重要力量。“逆周期因子”在今年5月底推出,彼时,国际市场美元指数持续走弱,但是国内汇市人民币兑美元即期汇率持续在中间价弱侧波动,可见,市场对人民币汇率的预期并未随着美元的走弱而同步走强,而“逆周期因子”的推出正是为了矫正这种非理性预期。事实证明,该举措确实向市场释放出了货币当局强烈的维稳人民币汇率的信号,市场预期也自那时候起逐步扭转。在美元持续走弱的背景下,人民币汇率走强顺理成章。

实际上,2015年“811”汇改以来,国内外汇市场上持续形成的人民币贬值预期一直未能彻底消散。就在今年上半年,大多数市场人士对这种预期是否能够彻底被扭转仍抱不确定态度。近一两个月,人民币汇率的走强、银行结售汇数据以及外汇储备数据的向好等从多个侧面证实,市场主体对人民币汇率的预期正在发生明显的变化。2017年7月,银行结售汇逆差155亿美元,环比下降26%;7月,远期结售汇签约顺差26亿美元,连续第4个月保持顺差;截至7月末,国家外汇储备余额已连续6个月上升,达到30807亿美元。

此轮人民币汇率走强超出了很多业内人士的预期,而人民币汇率的屡创新高给市场打了一剂强心针。不过,长期来看,这种超预期的走强能否持续尚存变数。此轮人民币升值主要源于美元的走弱,而美元的走弱与特朗普政府政策的不确定性存在一定关系。有分析指出,若美国总统特朗普所承诺的全面刺激的财政政策正式施行并发挥作用,美元会有温和上涨的可能性,而这或对人民币形成下行压力。与此同时,随着美联储缩表和加息的进程以及全球货币政策的正常化进程,中外利差可能会收窄,这或对跨境资本流动和人民币汇率产生影响。正如知名外汇问题专家韩会师所言,从年初以来持续逆差的结售汇格局看,贬值预期只是大幅度淡化,但升值预期并未主导市场。

多个因素仍可能成为左右后期市场走势的“X”因素,因此,加强汇率预期管理仍是今年完善汇率形成机制的核心,对此不可掉以轻心。实际上,现阶段人民币汇率形成机制改革并非单纯的“去贬值化”,而重在增加汇率的波动和弹性,只有让市场看到人民币汇率能够参照“一篮子货币”有章法地上下波动,汇率政策可信度才会提高,非理性的预期自然也会被打掉。届时,即使受到外部因素影响,一段时间内人民币出现下跌波动,也不会演变成恐慌性预期。

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