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估值决定牛熊

2017-08-24 08:49:25   新华网

自2016年开始,A股市场进入了价值投资时代。简单而言,价值投资就是由估值决定牛熊。这次投资时代拐点的来临具有长期性,投资者亟需根据新的时代特征,改变自己的投资策略。

今年以来,上证综指走势稳定攀升,上证50和沪深300等蓝筹指数更是跑赢了道指和标普指数,根本原因就是A股市场估值较美股市场便宜。上证50和沪深300指数估值分别是12倍PE和15倍PE,上证综指估值也仅有20倍PE。但道指和标普指数估值分别是21倍PE和23倍PE,泛欧指数等估值更高于美股指数。近期常见在隔夜全球市场大幅收跌的背景下,次日A股指数顽强翻红,背后的支撑因素就是A股市场的估值优势。因此,A股蓝筹指数跑赢全球指数的现象还将延续。

现在,美股道指已经出现筑顶端倪。自2008年全球金融海啸之后,美联储宽松货币政策对于美股市场的影响,是通过蓝筹股发债回购股票来实现的,相当于美股版的“国家队”救市措施。随着美国步入加息周期,我们可以发现美股蓝筹股回购股票的案例及金额都开始缩减,而道指和标普指数估值也逐步接近1987年和2007年牛市巅峰时的27倍PE。从估值角度出发,美股指数构筑头部的概率越来越高。

有意思的是,这一次A股市场指数和估值,都没有出现类似2001年和2007年追随美股市场的泡沫现象,而是处于相对的指数低位和估值低位,这就会吸引全球避险资金将A股蓝筹指数作为刚需配置,以规避美股指数及估值更高的泛欧指数的潜在风险。这就是现在及未来较长一段时间内,A股指数呈现出明显抗跌特征的根本原因。估值决定了牛熊。

虽然有了估值这杆秤,但投资者还是会抱怨,去年以来很多人都“赚了指数赔了钱”,特别是中小创股票,这个问题涉及投资策略的转变,而指数化投资模式就是价值投资时代的适用策略。无论是巴菲特还是彼得林奇,作为主动型投资策略的佼佼者,却一致推崇跟踪标普指数投资,这并非这两位大师谦虚。事实上,哈撒韦公司和麦哲伦基金的长期收益也刚跑赢标普指数,而美股蓝筹股真正的大股东贝莱德基金也是全球最大的指数基金。

因此,未来A股市场也将出现两大分类投资者,即被动型投资者和主动型投资者。被动型投资者会覆盖特大型机构投资者和业余型散户投资者这两端,未来在人数总量和金额总量上都会超过主动型投资者。被动型投资策略主要就是根据估值跟踪各类蓝筹指数,根据蓝筹指数的估值和现金回报率,目前A股市场可以被确认处于牛市初期。

中期而言,虽然美股指数有调整压力,但A股指数仍会缓慢攀升,直至双方蓝筹指数估值接近。长期而言,A股蓝筹指数肯定还会有逾越20倍PE的周期,所以,目前指数化投资策略无疑值得潜心研究。(姜韧)

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