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防范地方债务风险需建立常态化监督机制

2017-07-31 15:36:38   中国经济网

本期执笔 苏畅

【农村金融时报】

遏制地方政府违规举债近期来始终保持高压态势。这源于高层一个月内两次严控地方政府债务增量的表态,以及今年以来疾风骤雨般地严打违法违规举债行动。

近日召开的中共中央政治局会议强调:“要积极稳妥化解累积的地方政府债务风险,有效规范地方政府举债融资,坚决遏制隐性债务增量。”在此前结束的全国金融工作会议上,习近平总书记在谈及防控金融风险时指出:“各级地方党委和政府要树立正确政绩观,严控地方政府债务增量,终身问责,倒查责任。”最近两次重要会议都提出严格控制地方政府债务增量,显示出顶层设计对地方债管理的高度重视。可以预见,未来遏制地方政府违规举债担保行为力度还会加大。

事实上,目前我国地方政府债务总体风险可控。据财政部数据显示,截至2016年末,我国地方政府债务余额15.32万亿元,地方政府债务率(债务余额/综合财力)为80.5%。加上纳入预算管理的中央国债余额12.01万亿元,两项合计,我国政府债务27.33万亿元。按照国家统计局公布的2016年GDP为74.41万亿元计算,2016年我国政府债务的负债率(债务余额/GDP)为36.7%,低于欧盟60%的警戒线,也低于主要市场经济国家和新兴市场国家水平,风险总体可控。并且,自2014年《国务院关于加强地方政府性债务管理的意见》(国发43号文)和新预算法实施以来,地方政府举债机制已经逐步成形,建立了限额管理、预算管理、风险处置日常监督等管理体系。

尽管风险可控,顶层设计依旧要确保不出现区域性和系统性风险,近日中央有关部门多次发文对地方各种违规举债融资行为“围追堵截”。据财政部相关负责人介绍,财政部积极地完善地方政府债务管理制度,坚持“开前门、堵后门”的改革思路。

虽然政策一直在落实,但有些地方在财政“吃紧”的情况下,违规举债仍出现了不少“新变种”,主要集中在融资平台公司、不规范的PPP项目、政府投资基金等领域,这些变相举债行为违反了现行法律法规和制度规定,积聚了财政金融风险。

针对上述现状,我们认为,防范地方政府违规举债在政策上应统筹规划、多方入手,建立地方政府债务常态化监督机制。一方面,应完善监管政策,压缩监管套利空间。针对银行利用投贷联动、资管产品以及同业业务等创新业务和产品来为地方政府融资加杠杆的情况,需要根据现有法规的要求,实施严格的穿透监管。按照实质重于形式的原则,对银行最终承担风险的部分,需要纳入银行全面风险管理框架。另一方面,应加强债务资金使用管理绩效考核,提高债务资金使用效率,并且进一步提高债务管理透明度。同时,监管部门应积极参与其中,对涉及违规举债的金融机构,作出相应的行政处罚。

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