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财经观察:耶伦倾向较快启动“缩表” 通胀疲软制约加息空间

2017-07-13 18:17:47   新华社

美联储主席耶伦12日暗示,如果美国经济表现大体符合美联储预期,她倾向于相对较快执行缩减资产负债表(“缩表”)的计划。但考虑到美国通胀持续疲软,美联储后续加息空间不大。

耶伦当天在美国国会众议院金融服务委员会就半年度货币政策报告作证时说,自今年2月以来,美国就业市场持续强劲,6月份失业率为4.4%,已低于美联储官员预计的长期正常失业率水平。但她指出,美国就业市场与通胀的关联度明显减弱,5月份以个人消费支出价格指数衡量的通胀水平为1.4%,与今年年初相比有所下滑,仍低于美联储2%的目标。

令美联储官员一直感到困惑的是,尽管失业率持续下降,美国薪资和整体物价上涨却依旧乏力。美联储当天发布的全国经济形势调查报告(“褐皮书”)也印证了这一点。报告显示,美国大部分地区就业继续保持温和增长,部分行业劳动力供给比较紧张,但整体薪资增长仍然温和,部分地区价格上涨压力甚至有所回落。

为支持美国经济扩张和推动通胀达到2%的目标,耶伦认为,未来几年美联储继续渐进加息可能是合适的。她指出,美联储并不需要太大幅度加息就可回到中性的货币政策立场,暗示美联储后续加息空间不大。

耶伦在证词中重申,美联储上个月已公布“缩表”计划细节,如果美国经济表现大体符合预期,美联储可能今年开始执行“缩表”计划。

当被议员追问具体“缩表”时机,耶伦表示,美联储应“较快”执行“缩表”计划。她强调,美联储已为“缩表”准备很长时间,具体执行时间节点并不重要。

美联储理事布雷纳德日前也表示,如果美国就业市场保持强劲,经济增长稳定,美联储可以很快启动“缩表”计划。一些市场分析人士预计,美联储可能最早在9月份的货币政策例会上决定启动“缩表”计划。

耶伦预计美联储“缩表”不会对市场产生明显冲击。她表示,美联储已尽力向公众和市场说明“缩表”相关的政策细节,目前美联储尚未听到重大担忧或者看到明显的市场反应,她希望美联储“缩表”平稳、缓慢、有序进行。

对于美联储资产负债表的最终规模,耶伦表示,美联储尚未最终作出决定。她预计,美联储最终资产负债表的规模将明显低于目前约4.5万亿美元的水平,但高于金融危机前不到1万亿美元的水平。她同时预计美联储将于2022年左右实现资产负债表正常化。

纽约联邦储备银行日前发布的一份研究报告也显示,美联储或将于2020年至2023年实现资产负债表正常化,正常化后美联储持有的证券组合投资规模将在2.4万亿美元至3.5万亿美元之间。

虽然通胀疲软不会阻止美联储执行“缩表”计划,但通胀前景势必会影响美联储下次加息的时机。耶伦表示,她认识到美国通胀已连续多年低于2%的目标,这会成为未来美联储加息决策的考虑因素。布雷纳德也表示,美联储启动“缩表”后,她会密切关注通胀形势来决定是否需要进一步加息。多数市场人士认为,美联储不大可能在12月份之前再次加息。

市场普遍认为耶伦当天在国会的证词较为“鸽派”,再次证明美联储不会采取激进的加息策略。受此影响,当天纽约股市三大股指上涨,美国国债收益率下滑,美元对多数主要货币汇率下跌。(新华社华盛顿7月12日电)

(责编:庄红韬、赵爽)

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