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左小蕾:是时候停止IPO调控股市的闹剧了

2017-07-12 18:04:03   

作者 左小蕾(国务院参事室特约研究员)

上周末,证监会再次核发9家IPO批文。在此前的两周证监会核发IPO批文均是6家,即使是在过去的整个6月份,IPO也呈放缓的节奏。而现下IPO的加速是否会给市场带来影响,又有何影响呢?

IPO被所谓“市场声音”要求用来调节股市并不是第一次,IPO停发重启带来股市的震荡也不是新的景观,IPO调节股市似乎被认为是天经地义。但是,IPO调控股市的道理却从来未被说清楚过。这里希望回归一些资本市场基本的原则和原理,还IPO调节市场的误区的本来面目,让股市治理回到合理的发展轨道。

一级市场IPO是企业通过资本市场直接融资的最重要渠道。但IPO被二级市场的价格涨跌所挟持,屡屡沦为稳定资本市场价格的工具。

经济学基本理论认为,供给和需求变化决定价格是市场化价格调节机制。但是一般都突出市场调节机制中“供求决定”部分,却忽略了的另一个重要部分,什么元素“调节”供求的“变化”呢?只有供求不断变化,价格才能不断被“新的供求”调节而最后实现均衡价格。在商品市场中最大效用满足度是调节供求变化的重要元素,效用满足度的约束条件是调节机制的关键。价格供求调节的市场机制的理解并非市场调节机制的全部,“人为”地不受最大满足度约束的供给改变是对市场调节机制的破坏。

同样的道理,在资本市场上,靠停止IPO,人为减少股票供给,除了制造无序涨跌扭曲市场价格以外,对资本市场百害而无一利但与商品市场不同的是,资本市场不是用效用最大化的约束来调节供求的变化,因为投资类市场上效用是赚钱,赚钱是欲望,是没有上限的。资本市场上对于新股发行供给需求的变化,应该由融资方的风险程度和投资方的风险承受能力决定。IPO能否成功融资也应该是投资人对风险判断的结果。国内市场发行人和承销主体缺乏风险定价理念和能力,投资人缺乏风险意识并存在严重的投机心态,形成逢新必炒、新股价格必涨的扭曲观念,出现只要IPO就抛售市场股票,资金大规模转移到一级市场追捧新股发行的现象,从根本破坏了新股发行上市的正常秩序,也在表面上形成了IPO增加股票供给成为二级市场下跌原因的印象。

显然,逢新股发行股市下跌的问题,不是靠停止IPO就能解决的。解决这个问题的关键是培育市场主体的风险意识,形成不同层次的市场风险偏好,使新股发行时由风险偏好引导不同的投资需求决策,改变新股发行中市场羊群效应带来的影响,破解IPO带来市场下跌的魔咒。市场风险意识的培育需要三个方面努力。第一,任何时候都保持正常的IPO,只要符合上市条件企业都应该有上市融资的权力,不能人为改变IPO的节奏。但是准上市企业要充分披露发行人风险,不但是定性的风险披露,还需要披露风险大小,要给出在相对确定的时间范围内风险爆发的概率。引导投资者按照各自风险偏好做出投资决策,对不能承受风险的股票用脚投票,这意味着新发行股票的投资需求减少,进而逼退上市圈钱的发行人,股票供给随之减少。第二,各方面不能给发行人风险提供任何背书,允许发行失败,使发行方和投资者都要为忽视风险的盲目行为付出代价,有利于培育新股发行市场上的风险意识。第三,加大退市力度。目前,退市制度一直不能严格执行,上市公司只生不死,鼓励了无风险发行圈钱行为。无退市风险也怂恿了逢新必炒的盲目投资行为。只有加大劣质公司的退市力度,而且加大退市成本,才能有效遏制贪婪的圈钱公司的股票上市,也能有效改变盲目炒新股的行为。只有提高IPO供需双方的风险意识,才能打破新股定价的弊端和新股必炒的非理性行为,才可能打破IPO打压二级市场价格的魔咒,使IPO直接融资功能不会成为价格炒作的牺牲品,也改变IPO长期沦为二级市场调控工具的局面。未来资本市场必须强化市场风险意识,转变资本市场长期被扭曲的现象,才能推动资本市场的理性发展。

当然,虽然不能随意人为停止IPO调控市场稳定市场价格,但优质公司IPO增加优质股票供给,通过融资扩大经营规模创造更大的收益和利润,分红带给投资人实实在在的回报,有利于减少炒作新股的短期投机套利行为,培育真正的长期投资者,对资本市场的稳定发展是至关重要的。

关于“停止IPO稳定市场”的所谓“市场声音”缺乏对市场的常识性的认知。是时候停止IPO调控股市的闹剧了。(中新经纬APP)

【专家简介】左小蕾,国务院参事室特约研究员,银河证券前首席经济学家,湖北银汉独立董事,著有《小蕾视角:我看中国经济》。

关注中新经纬微信公众号(微信搜索“中新经纬”或“jwview”),看更多精彩财经资讯。

(中新经纬版权所有,未经书面授权,任何单位及个人不得转载、摘编或以其他方式使用。本文不代表中新经纬观点)

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