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杨涛:金融科技发展日新月异,监管如何与时俱进?

2017-06-28 17:56:45   

作者 杨涛(中国社科院金融所所长助理、中新经纬特约专家)

近几年,金融科技热潮在全球涌现。从全球看,中国金融科技投资占比超过50%。今年5月,中国人民银行成立金融科技委员会,旨在加强金融科技工作的研究规划和统筹协调。尽管如此,中国发展金融科技还面临诸多挑战,比如金融科技规则不完善、金融科技标准化问题以及产业合作与协同发展不足等。

那么,我们该如何应对?从监管上说,既要有短期治理和应对危机的策略,也要有长期内在的稳定器建设。具体来看需进行如下层面的监管创新与探索。

第一,功能监管。金融科技进一步使得原有业态边界日益融合,因此必须跳出监管主体分割、围绕机构对象的传统思路,真正以功能监管、业务监管为主,通过加强监管协调和配合,真正解决新技术所导致的混业型金融创新带来的潜在风险与不确定性。

第二,协调监管。之所以强调协调监管的重要性,是由于交叉监管领域的 “新金融”的蓬勃发展,以及各种“影子银行”或“银行的影子”所带来的挑战,都体现在各种金融科技和互联网金融创新上。在历次市场动荡和风险积累中,我们都看到某些“失控的创新”往往发生在监管部门的职能重叠或空白区,使得资金流向和产品创新都超出了原有机构业务边界,监管者很难预判风险点。同时,在人民币国际化和金融市场开放程度不断提高的背景下,金融科技的应用也带来对外协调的问题,应充分考虑国际因素的冲击、加强与各国监管部门的协调,同时在有效对接全球金融监管主流规则的同时,积极探索适合中国国情的发展道路。

第三,动态监管。金融科技带来了金融活动、组织、业态的持续多变,其内在的风险分布也可能处于不稳定状态。因此,各国都对这些“新金融”持续加以关注,不断完善现有的监管机制和模式,试图在事先、事中和事后都尽可能保障金融活动的安全性。尤其是如人工智能、区块链等技术本身就在不断变化之中,其金融应用也是多种多样,更需要监管在动态发展中不断完善。

第四,效益监管。金融科技时代的监管,更需要充分考虑成本收益问题。从理论上来说,监管成本指监管部门为了实施有效监管,而对监管工作从组织、运行、实施所做的必要投入,还有因为金融监管而使金融业发展及金融创新受到遏制而产生的损失。一般来说,金融监管的成本可分为金融监管的直接成本和间接成本。无论在系统和非系统层面上,充分考虑监管效益不仅是为了促使监管活动整体上达到最优,而且也有助于在效率与安全的“跷跷板”上更易实现平衡。

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