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企业破产法颁布实施10周年 破产尚未成企业退市常态

2017-06-24 11:31:19   工人日报

本报讯 (记者刘洋)北京市第一中级人民法院日前发布《2007~2017破产审判白皮书》,这是北京市法院系统发布的首份破产审判领域的白皮书。北京市一中院副院长马立娜介绍,企业破产法实施10年来,破产审判机制不断完善,审判质效有较大提升,但是,破产观念滞后使破产程序尚未成为经济主体常态退出方式。

马立娜指出,不能适应国家产业政策调整和市场变化、经营方针失误、企业秩序和经营管理混乱是企业破产的主要成因。此外,人才流失、历史包袱沉重、技术落后也是导致企业破产的原因。

北京市一中院调研发现,在资不抵债时,很多企业宁可采用民间高利贷这种“饮鸩止渴”的方式来缓解负担,或者简单采取“跑路”的方式躲避债务,导致大量“僵尸企业”“休眠企业”占用有限的经济资源和市场空间。也有企业担心破产会暴露企业经营过程中的不规范问题而选择坚决不破产。

“从债权人层面看,债权人也未能充分认识破产制度对债权人的平等保护功能。”马立娜说,债权人惯常通过“抢先执行”的方式对债务人的财产进行“先到先得”,对于已经资不抵债的企业缺乏申请破产意识;同时,债权人对于“缺乏清偿能力”这一破产启动条件未能及时运用,往往在对债务人执行不力之后才申请破产,最后更多地变成了“执行难”问题。

据介绍,长期以来,不论是国有企业抑或民营企业,在出现债务危机的时候,地方政府总是采取各种形式的“帮扶措施”以维持企业的生存,这在相当程度上,将许多原本应当利用破产程序清理债务的企业“滞留”在破产程序的门外。

此外,在审理破产案件过程中,资产处置和变现困难是较大难题。有的企业财务制度不健全不规范,内部随意支取;有的外部债权已过诉讼时效或缺乏原始凭证等,导致基本的债权追索条件都不具备;部分企业由于内部矛盾累积导致公司治理陷入僵局,公司高管拒绝向管理人移交账册、公章等关键资料,或不配合管理人的询问及调查,导致管理人清收、核对企业财产难度加大,债务人真实财产状况难以辨明,破产费用提高,衍生诉讼增多,审理周期延长。

记者了解到,近10年来,北京一中院通过破产审判安置职工4745人,安置金额2.87亿元;职工债权作为民生权益得到较为充分的保障,该类债权因其法定优先顺位债权清偿率相对较高,平均达24.68%;51件政策性破产案件的职工基本通过移交上级企业或者发放安置费的形式得以妥善安置,依法维护了社会整体利益和市场经济秩序的职能作用。

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