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何帆:国企是去杠杆的主攻方向有四大难点

2017-06-16 17:24:28   

  作者 何帆(北京大学汇丰商学院经济学教授)朱鹤(北京大学汇丰商学院海上丝路研究院执行院长助理)陈阳(北京大学汇丰商学院海上丝路研究院研究助理)

中诚信国际副总裁孔令强6月13日在演讲中表示,国有企业在中国经济当中是个非常特殊的部门,即是国家经济主体部门,也是债务的主要承担部门。据官方数据显示,截至今年3月,国企总体债务超过87万亿,占GDP的117%,而民营企业债务只占GDP的44%。“国有企业要引起政府的高度重视”。

去杠杆是中国正在推动的供给侧结构性改革五大任务之一。目前,中国居民部门和政府部门的杠杆率相对国际水平仍然较低,相比之下,更值得担忧的是企业的杠杆率。2008年金融危机以来,中国企业的杠杆率高企,其中尤其是国企的债务规模增长过快,债务负担不断加重,成为去杠杆的主攻方向。

  国企杠杆率呈现四个典型特点

其一,国有企业是非金融企业部门负债的主要承担者。根据中国社科院的测算,截至2015年底,金融部门、居民部门、包含地方融资平台的政府部门以及非金融企业部门的债务规模与GDP之比分别为21%、40%、57%和156%。财政部发布的数据,2015年末我国国有企业负债总额为79万亿元,占全国非金融企业总负债比重大约为74.8%,占当年GDP比重为116.7%。也就是说,企业部门的负债主要集中在国有企业中。

其二,国企加杠杆的效率下降,且地方国企是加杠杆的主力。2001-2010年,国有企业资产负债率与净资产收益率基本呈正相关性,这意味着国企杠杆率的变化与其杠杆效率相匹配。2011年之后,国有企业资产负债率与净资产收益率出现背离,杠杆率持续上升的同时,净资产收益率却在不断下降。这说明国有企业加杠杆的效率在迅速降低。同时,2011年之后,地方国有企业负债增速快于中央企业,表明地方国有企业是债务扩张的主力。

其三,国有企业债务分布的地域差别明显,基本呈中部向周边扩散型分布。这与不同地区的产业分布有一定关系。2015年,国有企业的杠杆率以华北和关中地区为中心,北京、河南、河北、天津、山西、山东、陕西和吉林的国有企业杠杆率达到了67.5%以上。围绕中心扩散的其他省份,国企杠杆率依次降低,最边缘的黑龙江、新疆、广东等省份杠杆率低于59.9%。

其四,国有企业杠杆率的行业分布特征明显,且与交税比率高度相关。2015年,国有企业中房地产业、建筑业的杠杆率最高,分别达到了72.19%、70.96%。教育文化广播业、邮电通信业杠杆率最低,分别为39.2%、39.07%。同时,行业杠杆率整体与行业交税比率呈正相关的关系,这在部分程度上解释了为何地方政府会鼓励国有企业增加杠杆。

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