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贾晋京:卡塔尔遭遇“群断交”背后是天然气定价权之争

2017-06-07 17:16:08   

6月5日,巴林和沙特突然宣布与卡塔尔断绝外交关系,炮轰卡塔尔“支持恐怖主义”、“支持反政府武装”、“试图动摇巴林国家安全与稳定”、“支持穆斯林兄弟会”。

作者贾晋京(中国人民大学重阳金融研究院首席研究员、中新经纬特约专家)张岩(中国人民大学重阳金融研究院助理研究员)

也门、阿联酋、埃及、利比亚、马尔代夫也随即跟上向卡塔尔拍砖,阿盟则宣布开除卡塔尔会籍,一夜之间海湾地区美满和谐的大家庭变成了风雨飘摇中的友谊小船。

尽管有报道称这一外交冲突是由于卡塔尔政府和新闻机构网站遭到黑客入侵等一系列误会所导致,但是沙特等国可以称之为“过激”的反应并非仅仅由此而来。2015年沙特前任国王阿卜杜拉驾崩、新王萨勒曼继位后,沙特内部各派都在寻求自己的定位,内部斗争激烈。

对于卡塔尔来说,沙特内部斗争可以说是千载难逢的时机。卡塔尔年方37岁的新君塔米姆2013年继位后积极扩张该国国际影响力、实行“小国大外交”战略,试图将卡塔尔建设成为中东的国际政治中心。

“异类”卡塔尔盯上国际天然气市场定价权

在海湾合作委员会(简称海合会)各国中,卡塔尔可以说是异类。在世人眼中,以沙特为首的海湾地区国家可以说是“富裕”一词的具现化,这种富裕依赖于这一地区丰富的石油资源。但是卡塔尔并不依赖于原油贸易,而是以天然气输出为支柱产业。

卡塔尔的原油储量约有27亿吨,仅仅相当于地区头号产油国沙特原油储量的7.4%左右;相对而言,卡塔尔拥有极为丰富的天然气储量,据估算其天然气储量约为24.5万亿立方米,占全世界储量的13.1%,仅次于俄罗斯和伊朗位列世界第三。尤其是在近几年中,卡塔尔的天然气出口量快速增加,已然成为世界头号液化天然气出口国,占据全球30%以上的市场份额。

海合会成员国政府收入的主要组成部分——原油出口贸易,依赖于由OPEC控制的国际油价,因此不得不团结在OPEC两大强权之一的沙特周边,追随沙特的政策决定以保障自身利益。

但是卡塔尔尽管同样位列OPEC成员国,却不需要受到这方面因素的掣肘。正相反,卡塔尔的主要需求在于影响国际天然气市场的定价权。现有的国际天然气价格缺乏如同国际原油市场中的OPEC一样有力的价格影响机构,填补这一空白是卡塔尔的重要目标。

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