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3000上市公司财报凸显失衡之困 利润过于依赖金融业

2017-06-07 09:35:00   经济参考报

利润过于依赖金融业 部分企业“报表去产能”

3000家上市公司财报凸显产业失衡之困

截至4月底,沪深两市3222家上市公司披露2016年年报和2017年一季报,多数上市公司业绩实现较快增长,反映出实体经济不断趋暖、创新驱动发展战略日益深入实施等经济新气象,中国经济提质转型正迎来广阔空间。

不过,财报也透露出一些值得关注的问题,不同产业、不同经济成分间仍存在较为明显的发展失衡现象。业界呼吁,未来有待进一步发挥资本市场的功能和作用,助力企业质量持续提升。

产业结构性失衡部分企业“报表去产能”

当前中国经济处在“三期叠加”期,即结构调整阵痛期、经济增速换挡期和前期刺激政策消化期。从3000家上市公司财报来看,“三期叠加”下不同产业间发展仍呈现较为明显的失衡状态。

一是金融与非金融企业利润贡献和发展速度不平衡。

上市公司利润贡献过于依赖金融业的局面仍然延续。以沪市为例,2016年金融业公司营业收入占比约为20%,但1.46万亿元的净利润占比高达三分之二。财报同时显示,金融业发展规模有所趋缓。在营业收入与上年基本持平的同时,2016年沪市金融业公司净利润下滑3.59%。21家上市银行营业收入、净利润同比微增0.36%、1.74%,远低于同期非金融类公司增长率。

二是传统产业盈利增长很大程度上源自大宗商品价格上涨。

“三去一降一补”取得的阶段性成果值得肯定,但煤炭、钢铁等行业的盈利增长很大程度上源自原煤、钢材等大宗商品价格上涨,其增长可持续性尚待观察。另一方面,价格回升也增加了去产能任务落实出现反复的可能性,未来“三去一降一补”重点任务推进面临挑战。此外,部分实现效益增长的传统产能公司可能仅通过资产减值准备做到“报表去产能”,去产能质量有待提高。

与此同时,部分传统行业仍出现业绩大幅度下滑。受国际油价低位震荡、国内天然气大幅下降等因素影响,沪市石油开采业及加工业上市公司2016年营收及净利润同比下滑约5%。以石化油服为例,2016年巨亏161.15亿元,净利润同比增长率为-65933.66%。今年一季度公司亏损幅度虽较上年同期有所改善,但亏损额仍高达13.45亿元。

三是新兴动能对经济发展支持作用仍待培育。

从上市公司业绩表现来看,新兴动能发展较为迅猛,但在一定程度上,对经济发展的支撑作用与传统产能相比仍有差距。如沪市中铁路设备、医药制造、电器制造、汽车等行业总资产规模仅为煤炭、石油、黑色金属及有色金属等传统产能的40%。

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