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人民币汇率不宜自由浮动

2016-12-30 11:15:23   

原标题:人民币汇率不宜自由浮动

人民币汇率是2016年的热点话题。随着人民币兑美元汇率逼近7这一心理关口,市场对人民币贬值的关注再度升温,有关当前渐进式贬值是否可持续,以及是否应该让人民币汇率自由浮动的讨论也日渐热烈。

笔者认为,出于三方面的原因,当前人民币汇率应当坚持盯住一篮子货币的调控方式,而不应走向自由浮动。

第一,当前人民币汇率调控模式可以持续。从2015年“811”汇改至今,人民币汇率运行经历了无序波动和有序波动两个阶段。2015年8月至12月,尽管我国累计消耗了3209亿美元的外汇储备来稳定汇率,但贬值压力仍难缓解。而在2016年1月到11月间,随着对中间价管制力的加强,汇率走势重回可控轨道。更重要的是,通过盯住一篮子货币,在美元强劲升值的背景下,人民币贬值预期基本保持了稳定。

第二,自由浮动未必能释放人民币贬值压力,却必然带来巨大风险。有观点认为,只要放开人民币汇率自由浮动,让人民币一贬到位就能释放贬值压力。但汇率不完全由经济基本面决定,汇率走势也会通过影响预期的方式反作用于自身。

换言之,自我实现的预期所形成的多重均衡在外汇市场普遍存在。而且,自由浮动的汇率通常会“超调”,一贬多半就会贬过头。所以,寄希望于一次贬值到位,以此实现人民币汇率的稳定是不现实的。相反,自由浮动后,汇率难免大幅波动,对经济及金融的冲击很难预估。从风险和收益的对比来考虑,当前放任人民币汇率自由浮动并不明智。

第三,有必要通过稳定人民币汇率,过滤国际外汇市场过度波动对我国的冲击。根据国际清算银行的调查,2016年全球外汇市场日均交易量超过5万亿美元。而目前全球一年的GDP总量不过70万亿美元出头。显然,在外汇市场庞大的交易量中,非基本面的投机性因素占了不小比例。特别是在次贷危机之后,全球主要央行纷纷采取极度宽松货币政策,更加剧了全球汇率的大幅震荡。在这样的背景下,保持人民币汇率稳定,有助于过滤掉外部投机性冲击对我国的影响,维护国内经济和金融稳定。

当然,当前的汇率调控方式并非没有代价。为了稳汇率而消耗外储以及加强资本管制,被不少人诟病。临近年关,远期汇价所显示的人民币贬值预期明显升温,表明短期内稳汇率的政策力度还得加大。放任人民币汇率自由浮动似乎能避免前面这些问题,但会引发更大风险,让中国经济付出更大代价。

所以,当前有必要继续保持对人民币汇率的调控,加大政策力度,抑制人民币的贬值预期。3万亿美元的外储是我国政府手里的一张“王牌”。但如果总是束手束脚,该出牌时不出牌,那王牌最后也会变成废牌。考虑到特朗普所倡议的宽松财政必然会大幅增加美国国债水平,且美元走强、利率走高必然会对美国经济带来负面影响,当前美元的升势并不可持续。在当下关口,加强人民币汇率调控政策力度才是上策。

(责编:孙博洋、夏晓伦)

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