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2017年经济工作要确保“三去一降一补”获实质进展

2016-12-26 10:52:14   

综合施策既稳增长又降杠杆

去杠杆的主要目的是防范化解金融风险。2008年国际金融危机爆发后,由于国内外市场需求持续低迷,我国许多生产力无法在市场上实现,导致产能过剩,而这些过剩产能中相当一部分对应的是银行信贷。所以对我国来说,当前保持经济平稳健康发展,必须在实体经济领域去产能、在金融领域去杠杆。根据中央经济工作会议精神,去杠杆的主攻方向是在控制总杠杆率的前提下,把降低企业杠杆率作为重中之重。这一要求的实质是:去杠杆必须既有利于稳增长,又有利于防范化解金融风险。

贯彻落实中央的这一要求,应重点做好以下工作。一是稳健的货币政策应精准适度。统筹运用各类货币政策工具,保持流动性合理充裕和社会融资总量适度增长;完善利率形成机制和货币政策传导机制,促进金融市场体系健康发展,适时适当扩大直接融资比重,有效增加对实体经济的资金供给;优化信贷结构,支持重点领域、薄弱环节和小微企业发展;推动政府和社会资本合作(PPP)取得更大实效。二是着力完善股票市场。这不仅关系金融和企业发展,而且关系广大群众的切身利益。在目前亟须推进企业兼并重组、优化产业结构的形势下,有效发挥股票市场配置资源的作用显得尤为重要。应组织力量,加紧对股票发行制度、监管制度和风险防范机制等进行深入研究,尽快提出一些针对性强、标本兼治的政策措施。三是切实做好化解地方政府性债务风险工作。建立健全规范的地方政府举债融资体制,控制地方融资平台债务过快增长。在采取这些措施的同时,还应积极稳妥推进金融监管体制改革,加强全方位监管,防范可能出现的股市、汇市、债市、楼市风险,防止“交叉感染”。

大刀阔斧降低实体经济企业成本

目前,我国经济面临的一个突出问题是企业生产经营成本不断上升。对此,必须按照党的十八届五中全会提出的“开展降低实体经济企业成本行动”的要求,大刀阔斧地帮助企业降低生产经营成本,增强企业竞争力。

降低企业生产经营成本,需要综合施策,打出“组合拳”。一是降低企业税费负担。应进一步正税清费,清理各种不合理收费特别是垄断性中介服务收费,营造公平的税负环境。可考虑适当降低制造业增值税税率,进一步提高我国制造业的国际竞争力。从长期发展看,应适当提高直接税比重,可考虑从目前在生产环节征税转向更多在最终消费环节征税,以促进企业税负公平。同时,应完善地方税体系,逐步使消费税、房地产税等成为地方政府的主体税种,引导地方政府把更多精力放在提供公共产品和服务、改善居住环境和教育条件上,以此吸引更多人来旅游、居住和就业,进而增加当地税收。二是降低各类交易成本特别是制度性交易成本。现在企业办事难、办事贵的问题仍然相当突出。近几年,国务院部门和地方政府取消下放了大批行政审批、投资核准、资质资格认定等事项,效果是明显的。但实践中也发现,一些部门自行设置的这类事项依然较多,有的前面减了后面又以其他名目增加了。对此,应继续深化简政放权、放管结合、优化服务改革,加紧制定国务院部门权力清单和责任清单,以清单管理推动简政放权;大力推行工程建设项目多评合一、多审合一、多图联审、联合验收等新模式;扩大市场准入负面清单试点,加快推行负面清单制度;完善事中事后监管制度,尽快实现“双随机、一公开”监管全覆盖,促进市场活而有序。三是降低能源成本。推进电价市场化改革,完善煤电、气电价格联动机制。同时,深化其他能源价格机制改革,切实降低企业用能成本。四是降低物流成本。有关研究表明,目前铁路运费仅为公路运费的1/3左右。可见,降低物流成本的一个有效途径,就是大幅提高铁路货运量在全社会货运量中的比重。但是,由于铁路建设专线网络和“最后一公里”配套不足,铁路运能还难以充分发挥。因此,应着力解决铁路末端“最后一公里”运输问题,通过加强铁路与公路、水路等交通运输方式的配合,尽快提高铁路货运量占全社会货运量的比重,从而大大降低物流成本。五是降低人工成本。应出台相关政策,提高劳动力市场的灵活性,推动企业眼睛向内降本增效。

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