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评论:日本缘何急于推动TPP批准程序

2016-11-18 11:11:34   经济参考报

虽然特朗普当选美国总统令跨太平洋伙伴关系协定(TPP)前景不明,但日本国会众议院10日仍在全体会议上批准了TPP。在外部形势不乐观、内部反对之声不绝于耳的情况下,日本政府为何急于推动国内TPP批准程序?分析人士指出,日本此举旨在推动TPP早日生效,从而促进日本经济重新焕发活力。

经过5年多谈判,美国、日本、澳大利亚、加拿大、墨西哥、越南、马来西亚等12个国家去年10月就TPP达成一致,并于今年2月正式签署协定文本。依据协定,相关国家间约1.8万种商品的关税将在未来一段时间内逐步减少或完全取消。

不过,TPP协定还需获得各国立法机构批准才能生效。美国参议院多数党领袖麦康奈尔日前在美国总统选举结束后的新闻发布会上表示,新当选总统特朗普已明确表示他不支持现行TPP协定,因此今年参议院不会就TPP举行投票表决。

TPP获美国国会批准前景黯淡,日本首相安倍晋三却仍然急于推动国内TPP批准程序,这主要是因为安倍政府视TPP为“安倍经济学”三支箭之一的“经济成长战略”的重要推动力。安倍政府认为,一方面,加入TPP可以增加出口,利好日本制造业,尤其是作为日本经济支柱的汽车业;另一方面,加入TPP后外国商品将变得更加便宜,这对日本民众有较强吸引力。

日本内阁官房2013年算过一笔账,TPP生效10年后,日本国内生产总值(GDP)将比不加入TPP的情况下增加3.2万亿日元(约合300亿美元)。日本政府一直希望TPP能够进一步促进贸易和投资,推动因人口减少和老龄化而陷入停滞的日本经济实现强劲增长。

但特朗普当选美国总统使TPP前景更加难料。据报道,TPP生效必须满足以下两个条件之一:12国在协定签署两年内完成国内批准手续,或者6个以上国家完成批准手续且这些国家GDP合计超过12国GDP总量的85%。数据显示,美国GDP占12国GDP的比重达60.4%,日本占17.7%,也就是说缺少美日任何一方,TPP都无法正式生效。

日本第一生命经济研究所经济学家永滨利广表示,TPP若无法生效,将给日本造成难以估量的损失。首先,加入TPP预计可给日本带来的经济利益大部分将无法获得;其次,美国只向与之签署经济合作协定的国家出口页岩气,美国退出TPP后,日本将很难获得价格较低的能源。

日本曾希望各国加快国内批准程序,赶在奥巴马任期内使TPP在美国国会通过,但这一希望显然已破灭。分析人士认为,现在日本计划在先行批准TPP的基础上,再努力劝说特朗普改变主意。安倍曾多次强调,日本不考虑就TPP重新谈判。

安倍在11日的参议院全体大会上表示,日本将抓住一切机会,促进美国和其他签署国尽早完成国内手续。他还将于17日与特朗普会谈,向其陈述TPP的重要性。

在14日的参议院TPP特别委员会会议上,安倍表示,“我认识到并且坦率地承认,因为特朗普获胜,TPP生效的形势变得严峻,但这绝没有结束,美国处于政府换届的当下,日本必须主导TPP的早日生效。”

对于TPP前景,持悲观态度的专家认为,TPP实际已经胎死腹中。也有专家提议修改TPP条款,使TPP在美国退出的情况下依然能够生效。

富士通总研经济研究所主席研究员金坚敏的看法相对乐观。他表示,特朗普的很多政策,包括会不会推行贸易保护主义、保护到什么程度,都有待观察。特朗普要重振美国经济,需要动用全球的资源、技术、市场和人才,因此他不太可能推行彻底的贸易保护。钱铮

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