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日本首相安倍晋三发表战后70周年谈话(组图)

2015-08-14 17:33:43   

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【日本首相二战纪念声明提及“道歉”和“深深的忏悔”】安倍在二战纪念声明中说,日本已一再表达了懊悔和歉意;先前内阁的立场依旧不可动摇;必须从历史中学到教训;不应重演恐怖的战争;对战争中死者表达真切的哀悼。

三次谈话:支撑日本政府历史认知

日本关于二战战争历史有三个重要的“谈话”,分别是“宫泽谈话”、“河野谈话”和“村山谈话”。它们被认为是代表日本历届政府历史认知的三个支柱。

1982年,时任日本内阁官房长官宫泽喜一发表谈话,提出在教科书问题上“不刺激邻国原则”。1993年,时任日本内阁官房长官河野洋平在谈话中就日军强征“慰安妇”道歉和反省。

1995年8月15日,二战结束50周年之际,时任日本首相村山富市发表著名的“村山谈话”,这一谈话对日本的殖民统治和侵略进行深切反省和道歉。

虽然“村山谈话”作为首相的“个人见解”,并不具有法律效力,但它却是一份经过内阁决议通过的正式文件,代表着当时日本政府对二战历史的官方立场。此后,这一谈话的基本精神也得到历届日本政府继承。

在此期间,日本第87至89任首相小泉纯一郎的态度值得一提。小泉虽在执政期间执拗于参拜靖国神社,造成日本与周边国家关系紧张,但他始终未打算修改“村山谈话”。

不仅如此,小泉还在其2005年发表的战后60周年讲话中,沿用了“村山谈话”中“殖民统治”、“侵略”、“深刻反省”、“谢罪”这四个核心措辞。这充分说明,“村山谈话”在日本社会被广泛接受,也是为政界主流长期奉行的立场。

两轮执政:安倍歪曲历史意图早有渊源

2006年9月,安倍从小泉手中接过首相“接力棒”。当时,他并没有触碰“村山谈话”的立场,还在同年10月的国会答辩中明确表示继承“村山谈话”和“河野谈话”。

但2012年再次执政后,安倍开始在历史问题上做起文章。他先是删除教科书审议基准中的“近邻条款”,抛弃“宫泽谈话”;进而质疑“河野谈话”的可信度,否定“强征慰安妇”的历史事实。

另一方面,安倍企图涂改“村山谈话”的意图也逐渐显现。再次执政伊始,他就表示新内阁不会原封不动的继承“村山谈话”,同时流露出“发表符合21世纪的、面向未来”的“安倍谈话”的想法。此间,他更是发表了“侵略无定义”、“战犯英灵”等美化和歪曲历史的言论。

推翻“村山谈话”、为日本的战争历史翻案,安倍的这一企图早有渊源。1995年6月,日本国会众议院表决通过执政联盟联合提交的“战后50周年决议”,也就是“村山谈话”的蓝本,当时还是新任议员安倍晋三缺席表决,理由是反对决议中提到“殖民统治和侵略”。

2005年,日本国会表决通过“战后60周年决议”。决议文中并没有出现“殖民统治和侵略”,而是以“思及10年前决议”的表达方式“继承”。即便如此,时任自民党代理干事长的安倍竭力反对未果后,再次在国会表决中退席。

四个核心:“谈话”采用何种形式与表述?

进入2015年,随着一个人选由安倍政府选定的“专家座谈会”启动,安倍心念已久的“新首相谈话”终于登场。新谈话是否继承以往内阁的历史认识?这一问题马上成为各方关注的焦点。

虽然安倍早早就放出了“取代‘村山谈话的豪言,但在日本国内外舆论的强大压力下,他最终还是将表态改为“整体上继承”。不过,在是否使用“村山谈话”的四大核心措辞,尤其是“侵略”和“道歉”这两个表述上,他显露出了极大的不情愿。

此外,在新谈话的发表形式上,安倍的态度也是摇摇摆摆,从起初的不经内阁会议决定,仅代表“个人见解”,变为现在的内阁决议形式发表,代表政府立场。

分析指出,安倍原打算以“个人”谈话方式发表谈话,是为了避免受“村山谈话”、“小泉谈话”的措辞束缚,之所以改变计划,一方面是迫于国内舆论和执政伙伴的呼声;另一方面,安倍身边的一些势力也希望以内阁决议形式发表谈话,从而达到以“安倍谈话”涂改“村山谈话”的目的。

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