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警察的现场处置权应得到更大支持(图)
2017-09-22 07:27:14 中国青年网
漫画 孟宪东
2017年9月1日发生在上海的交警暴力执法事件引发舆论关注:一名违停女车主暴力阻挠执法,在控制该女子过程中警察未顾及其所抱儿童的安全,致使女子与儿童倒地。网络上有理性平和的声音,如“我们同情的是孩子,而不是蔑视警察权威的人”,但更多的是偏于一端的情绪宣泄。现上海市已经公布了对事件的调查处理结果,那么我们应该用怎样的法律视角来看待这一事件冲突的性质与责任追究?来听听法学专家的观点。
◆事件起因:
警察现场处置权遭遇挑战
依照《道路交通安全法》第87条的规定,公安交通管理部门及其交通警察对道路交通安全违法行为,应当及时纠正。在行使具体处罚权时,交通警察不仅要遵守法律规定的处罚情形、种类、幅度,还要遵守《行政处罚法》等设定的程序。为了保障行政处罚的具体落实,警察还应享有现场处置权。现场处置权属于行政强制措施权,是指行政机关为了保障行政管理的顺利进行,或者为了预防、制止、控制违法行为或危险事态,依法律、法规而对行政相对方的人身或财产采取的暂时性、临时性措施的权力。行政强制措施权往往是实施行政处罚或作出其他处理决定的前奏,如针对相对人的人身,警察可以采取检查、留置盘问、传唤、当场扣留、约束等手段。当警察将强制性力量加诸于相对人的人身或财物,在实现义务内容方面,其效果最为明显,但由此也极易对义务人的合法权益造成侵害。
各国法律都赋予警察必要的现场处置权以获得最大限度的秩序稳定,包括最终使用武器、警械的权力。当然,这种即时强制权客观上也起到了保障警察执法的权威以及保护警察个体合法权益的目的。不过警察的现场处置权不是绝对的,也要遵循“最小动用武力”原则,意即不使用不必要的武力。那么,如果相对人认为警察的现场处置权或者行政处罚违法,能不能“自卫”或反抗呢?答案是否定的,现代国家确立警察现场处置权的极高权威,不允许当场对抗、侮辱、谩骂甚至诉诸暴力反抗,对于警察行为只能选择控告、举报等监察程序或者复议、诉讼等(准)司法程序实现救济,通过隔离双方削弱直接对抗,兼顾效率和公平将纠纷纳入公力、和平的解决渠道。
本案中,违停女车主采取了“罚单撕下”“阻止警车驶离”“威胁并推搡”行为,对警察现场处置权构成威胁和挑战,警察当然有权采取现场处置或行使行政强制措施权。
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