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国际上“中国威胁论”突然变少 背后原因在哪?
鸣谢:中评记者 束沐
清华大学国际关系研究院院长阎学通日前对国际秩序的内涵、类型与变化以及和其它概念之间的关系进行了深入解读。他指出,国际秩序与国际规范、国际格局之间的关系需要厘清,规范和格局都不能用来界定国际秩序。他还对中国崛起对国际秩序的影响进行了分析。
阎学通表示,近年来反建制主义在西方的兴起,让他发现,这次国际秩序的变化和历史上不太一样,因为这次的秩序挑战者不是来自外部,而是内部。他指出,反建制主义对国际秩序造成挑战,内部的变化造成了外部的变化,以前最常听到的“中国威胁论”现在突然变少了,因为现在威胁国际秩序的反而是白宫,正如美国学者所说,“心脏”正在挑战自己的“身体”。
他表示,一般来说挑战国际秩序的不会是制定国际秩序的人,但他以贸易秩序为例,现在发现中国作为崛起大国反而不挑战秩序,而是坚定维护自由贸易秩序,这个现象与传统观念上“霸权者维护秩序,崛起者挑战秩序”发生了很大变化。
阎学通指出,很多人直到现在还分不清“国际体系”和“国际秩序”的区别。阎学通认为,“国际体系”和“国际秩序”两者是不一样的,很多研究国际秩序的文章都没能从秩序角度分析问题,而是从规范或价值观或体系的角度分析问题。从规范和秩序的有无,可以分别形成四种组合。①“有规范、有秩序”:形成了有规范的秩序,比如乒乓球比赛规定谁先到11分谁就赢得一局,大家比赛都按照这个规则来比赛。②“无规范、有秩序”:形成无规范的秩序,比如十字路口没有红绿灯,车和人也撞不上,再如,没人组织的市场中也能讨价还价、有序地交易,这些都属于无规范的秩序,不需要规则照样执行,我们所讲的规范是人为制定的。③“有规范、无秩序”:比如有的家庭,家里墙上挂着家规,但打架打得你死我活,这就属于有规范的无序,现在制定了很多国际规范也不能阻止相互之间的暴力冲突,比如贸易之间的制裁、反倾销、封锁等等。④“无规范、无秩序”:比如在叙利亚的战事和冲突就反映了这种情况。
因此,讨论秩序的时候,不管经济、政治、思想还是文化秩序,首先要清楚规范和秩序之间的关系,并不是有了规范才有秩序。很多人在讨论,我们今天如何制定规范,但实际上制定了规范又怎样呢?比如朝鲜就说你随便定我就不执行,你爱怎么定就怎么定。所以,从这个意义上,首先要把规范和秩序的关系弄清楚。
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