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从鸡汤到家园有多远

2017-09-20 09:22:03   央广网

如今,随着全民阅读的呼声日渐高涨,不少告别阅读良久的人重新将目光投向落满灰尘的书架,暗暗发誓:“从今天起,我要多看书了!”然而,这种激情又常常是短暂的。拂去尘土,双手捧书,不少人忽然发觉:自己还是没法沉下心来专注阅读,尤其是当自己面对深度阅读的时候。

如何面对深度阅读,这是个值得细细思量的问题。泛泛的阅读虽然比干脆不读好很多,但蜻蜓点水地轻描淡写无法达到水滴石穿的深刻效果,更难以深入心灵深处。时间花了很多,精力投入不少,等合上书页,却是一问三不知。这种阅读,毋宁说是消遣。

深度阅读,或许首先应当选好恰当的主题领域。如果所选书籍内容过于深奥,与自身理解能力严重脱钩,阅读是不可能走向深入的。如果平时只阅读中国社会、历史方面的书籍,却拿来一本尼采的《论道德的谱系》,骤然投身西方现代哲学,缺乏必要的知识储备,读来必然是云山雾罩,不得要领。假如平时只是阅读浅近平易的网络小说,突然入手一本大部头的《资治通鉴》,也自然会有不得门径而入的感觉。

将阅读推向深入,就得尊重阅读规律,慎重选择领域,根据自身情况循序渐进、由易到难地完成不同阅读阶段的精神攀爬。准备涉足西方哲学,大可不必一头扎进尼采的悖论思辨和虚无主义中去,不妨先翻看罗素的《西方哲学简史》,了解西方哲学的门派和流变过程,再选择感兴趣的领域渐进深化。计划研究三国历史,如果对《三国志》惜墨如金的笔法感到费解,不如先从一些轻松通俗的三国读物入手,宏观掌握这段历史之后,再回过头来攻读,或许更容易读进去。

更进一步,要想在根本上提升阅读质量,不妨试着变流于表面的零散阅读为主题阅读。其实,阅读也分为不同的层次:第一层是篇章阅读,即读懂一本书中的每个章节;第二层是书本阅读,即领会整本书的意旨;第三层就是主题阅读,即选准某个具体的知识领域,广泛涉猎该领域内有价值的中外所有书籍、资料,甚至相关学者的研究论文,力求穷尽所有。相比主题阅读,篇章和书本层次的只能算零散阅读。

试举主题阅读一例,如将领域锁定为先秦哲学,那么遍览诸子原著只是一个开始,为诸子著作做注者如郑玄、王弼、郭象、朱熹、王先谦等都应在摄取之后批判继承,梁启超《先秦政治思想史》、冯友兰《中国哲学史》等经典的总括性著述也该择精汲取,再如梁漱溟、牟宗三、李泽厚、陈鼓应等知名学者的观点论述也应做到心中有数。

果真能完成这样有效的主题阅读,你自然会成为相应领域的专家,而主题阅读的过程,与其说是在读书,不如说更像在研究。大多数人平时都在进行零散阅读,这未必不好,但正因其零散而容易使阅读泛化,东一榔头西一斧子,最后所得无多。当我们将零散阅读的粗浅体验升华为主题阅读的凝神研究,阅读将不再只是睡前床头的鸡汤慰藉,而是渐渐盛满充盈的灵魂家园。

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