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【微观日喀则】雅江北岸戈壁荒滩变“后藏氧吧”

2017-09-15 13:31:44   国际在线

雅江北岸南木林生态示范区

国际在线报道(记者 王珊珊):到了西藏,蓝天白云、青山绿水、牦牛风马旗,种种高原胜景让人忍不住不在朋友圈刷屏。不过这些美不胜收的景致可不全是上天慷慨的礼物。雅鲁藏布江北岸日喀则市南木林县生态示范区一片赏心悦目的树林,曾是一片寸草不生的戈壁荒滩。三年间,荒滩变绿洲,旧貌换新颜,其中的秘诀是什么?

说到中国的戈壁滩,人们或许首先想到的是新疆、青海、甘肃或内蒙,殊不知,在青藏高原上也有不少戈壁滩。西藏东北部一些地区由于降水量少、气候干燥、处于风口等原因,形成了大大小小的戈壁滩。日喀则市南木林县林业局副局长张维江指着眼前郁郁葱葱的树林说,以前这片地方就是寸草不生的荒滩,“以前这个地方是一片戈壁荒滩,有很多沙。生态示范区正好处于一个风口,每年沙尘比较严重,在生态示范区没有建成之前,沙尘天气甚至会影响到距这个地方六、七十公里的县城。”

目之所及,200多万株新疆杨、榆树、柳树、藏川杨、紫穗杨、沙棘生机勃勃,一条50公里的绿色走廊林网已经建成。如果不是看到照片,很难想象这片生态示范区昔日的模样。南木林县是西藏自治区“两江四河”流域造林绿化工程的启动地和示范点。“两江四河”指的是雅鲁藏布江、怒江以及拉萨河、年楚河、雅砻河、狮泉河,是西藏生态安全屏障的重要组成部分。这个总投资达300亿元的浩大工程于2014年启动,在南木林县艾玛乡挥动了第一锹,这是继青藏铁路之后,西藏投资规模最大的工程。这项工程覆盖西藏七个地市、44个县,预计2030年完成,将历时17年。

张维江回忆起造林之初的艰苦,风沙大到站立不稳,一碗饭半碗沙更是常态,“这个地方条件比较差,当时整个生态示范区地面做了80公分左右的客土,在客土上进行栽植,原有的土壤条件比较差,不适合作物的生长。”

翻整好土地,要选好苗种,这样才能提高成活率。张维江说,“栽植主要是杨树、柳树、沙棘,还有一部分太阳李。主要选的都是比较好成活的(树种),杨树、榆树、柳树对栽植的条件要求不是特别高,在相对贫瘠的地方生长非常好,成活率达到了95%。”

在高原、高寒、荒漠化地区植树造林,难度可想而知。“三分种树,七分管护”,后期管护尤其重要,不仅要“选好苗、保证水、加强管”,还得“防病虫害、防干枯、防盗伐、防牲畜啃食、防非法侵占、防森林火灾”。山东潍坊在南木林县的对口援藏工作组在生态示范区组建了一支60人的管护队伍,和南木林县干部群众一起,加班加点护苗育林,保证了“造一片保一片,种一片活一片”,“在戈壁上自然条件相对差,水和树木越冬是很关键的两件事。我们花了很大的力气在后续管护上面。病虫害防治是很大的一项任务,这么大面积的造林,如果病虫害防治不到位,可能出现大面积林木死亡的现象。另外就是树木越冬,在每年秋冬交际的时候,及时做冬灌、涂白、追肥。虽然靠着雅江,但是夏季如果特别干旱的时候,要进行人工灌溉,比如2015年就是个大旱年。”

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