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【微观拉萨】让历史永远鲜活 数举并重保护西藏文化遗产
布达拉宫
罗布林卡
国际在线报道(记者冀媛、郑安、秦胜瑞):到西藏旅游,人们不仅欣赏壮美的名山大川,也惊叹于西藏独特的历史文化和丰富的文物资源。西藏自治区是中国文物保护重要省区之一,有“世界屋脊上的明珠”--世界文化遗产布达拉宫,还有数千处文物保护单位。为了保护西藏独树一帜的文物风貌,当地文物保护单位采取抢救、预防、信息化整理等多种措施,力求让老祖宗留下的遗产保持在最佳状态,同时让全球游客参观到鲜活的历史。
坐落在拉萨河谷中心红色山峰之上的布达拉宫,是藏传佛教寺庙与宫殿、城堡相结合的建筑类型中最杰出的代表,也是西藏最庞大、最完整的古代宫堡建筑群,被印在第五套人民币50元纸币背面,为中国乃至世界人民所熟知。布达拉宫于1994年12月入选《世界遗产名录》,后来又加入了拉萨的大昭寺和罗布林卡。为了对布达拉宫进行有效保护,从2008年7月14日起,西藏自治区对布达拉宫实行游客限时限量制度,游客需要提前一天预订门票,并按指定参观时间参观。
每年夏天的旅游旺季,布达拉宫每天限流5000人,一票难求。布达拉宫管理处副处长觉旦说,为了保护好这张西藏的名片,游客限时限量制度是既能保证游客参观又能保护文物的折衷办法,“这个问题我们也想了很多,但是布达拉宫本身摆在这儿,它的通道、楼梯、殿堂都很狭窄,因为下面都是木构件,人多了容易坍塌,所以我们对人数的控制也是通过测量得出的,是一个(使建筑)比较舒服的状态。因为木构件需要有足够的时间恢复状态来迎接第二天的客人,不然每天这样踩下去就成为了一种病态,容易坍塌。”
觉旦说,非常理解远道而来的游客争睹布达拉宫的心情,布达拉宫管理处也曾考虑过延长参观时间以方便游客,但科学监测结果显示,人员可以加班,文物不能加班。布达拉宫始建于公元7世纪吐蕃王朝藏王松赞干布时期,距今已有1300年的历史,那时的宫殿基本毁于战火,如今布达拉宫的基本面貌是17世纪重建和不断扩建的,也已经历了数百年历史的风霜。记者看到,宫殿内地面有多处裂缝,墙体有空洞和脱落。觉旦说,政府对布达拉宫的保护高度重视,建国以来国家投资对布达拉宫进行了两次大的维修,“第一次是八九年到九四年,主要是对布达拉宫的抢救性保护,国家当时投资了五千五百万,这是当时国内文物保护方面最大的一次投资。九四年布达拉宫被列为世界文化遗产。过了不到十年,零一年开始对布达拉宫进行了第二次维修,国家投资了两亿三千多万,主要对屋面、室内等进行了维修。布达拉宫因为有几百年的历史,作为基础的石砌墙的泥土流失很严重,这也跟这些年西藏周边地震频繁有关,给布达拉宫带来了很大的隐患。所以国家投入了巨额资金修缮基础和屋面漏雨情况。”
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