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清宫戏里的这些称呼都错了

2017-09-14 17:16:43   中国青年网

皇子们一般称呼皇帝为“汗阿玛”,而不是清宫戏里常见的“皇阿玛”

如果您穿越到清代跟清代人交流的话,除了要说当时通用的语言之外,还要特别注意称谓这个东西。您千万不要觉得您对清代人的称谓习惯很了解,现代人对于清代称谓的了解多数源自清宫戏和戏曲舞台,而事实上的称谓习惯跟那些是有很大区别的哦~

具体说来,称谓这件事是挺复杂的。从对象上讲,称谓就要分成三类:自称、对称和他称。清代的自称、对称、他称通常也界限分明,是不能混淆的。除去对象之外,称谓还有时效、身份等限定,也是您需要注意的。

总之,闲话少叙,我们来分对象谈一下称谓的问题吧。

皇帝的自称一般为“朕”或“我”。其中“朕”比较偏向书面语,“我”则更多用在日常口语里。特别是在满语的场合,由于满语是不分“朕”和“我”这两个词的,所以皇帝都自称为第一人称的“bi”,即满语的“我”。如果是面对太后或者太上皇,皇帝自称一般为“我”“臣”“子皇帝臣”“臣我”。

对称方面,太上皇或太后作为长辈称呼皇帝,一般直接就叫“皇帝”,而不叫“皇上”。

皇子们一般称呼皇帝为“汗阿玛”或“皇父”“父皇”。至于清宫戏里常见的“皇阿玛”,目前似乎没见到相关的记载。至于后宫和大臣称呼皇帝,一般叫“皇上”,旗人出身的大臣以及后宫、宫女、太监等则可以称呼皇帝为“主子”(“主子”满语为“ejen”),修饰一下就是“圣主”之类的。晚清宫中的太监、宫女等还习惯管皇帝叫“老爷子”“万岁爷”。皇太后的自称一般也是“我”,书面语上有“予”的记载,偶尔也自称为“朕”。口语上,据说慈禧太后日常说话自称是“咱家”,这个词有“zá jiā”“zǎ jiā”两种念法的记载。至于“哀家”这个词,似乎是戏曲舞台上的,目前没见过清代太后这样自称的记载。

对称方面,皇帝和皇后一般用满语称太后为“额捏”“太后额捏”,晚清则用满式汉语称呼为“额娘”“皇额娘”。

宫中的太监、宫女以及晚辈一般称之为“太后主子”“老祖宗”,背后则称之为“佛爷”“老佛爷”,有的他称则为“老家主”,这应该是“主子”的变化称谓。

比较特殊的,是晚清慈禧太后让光绪和隆裕称呼她为“亲爸爸”,也有的记录为“皇爸爸”。这个称呼可能是由“姑爸”这个亲属词汇引申而来的,是晚清“女以男论”的影响。后宫在面对皇帝和太后的时候,一般自称为“奴才”。这是清代八旗制度的影响。就算是皇后,面对皇帝时也要自称为“奴才”。另外根据一些记录,私下场合或许还可以自称为“吾”“我”之类的。至于清宫戏里的什么“本宫”“臣妾”之类的词汇,目前并没见过相关记载( “臣妾”一词很有可能是书面语,或者某些仪式上的自称)。

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