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央广网北京9月13日消息(记者张奥 实习记者于洋 罗月言)据经济之声《天下公司》报道,德国最新公布的8月失业率为5.7%,创下1990年德国统一以来的最低纪录。现在距德国大选不到一个月,这对本就优势明显的总理默克尔来说又是一大利好。最新民调结果显示,默克尔所属的基民盟及其姊妹党联盟党支持率约为38%,领先第二位的德国社会民主党约14个百分点。
德国大选将于9月24日举行,届时将由选民选出新一届联邦议院,并由联邦议院选出下一任德国总理。
默克尔自从2005年担任德国总理至今已经有12年,连任了三届。杨光博士说:“德国的总理制度和美国、法国以及其他国家的总统制有根本的区别。现在的德国是德意志联邦共和国,它建立的背景是在二战战败后欧洲分裂成美国和苏联两大阵营,德国也分裂成东西两个德国。它的政治制度总整体上来说,从英美法等国吸取得更多,但同时也保留了一些德国的传统。比如它现在的制度很像当时的法兰西第四共和国和英国的首相制度,当然,它没有君主。
“另外一方面,德国总理的称号有自己的特色,它其实是叫联邦掌玺部长,这是从中世纪神圣罗马帝国时代继承的官职,其实是负责核对和复述皇帝颁布的法令。比如说历史上赫赫有名的铁血宰相俾斯麦,他是德国的宰相,同时也是掌玺大臣,他当了就有十八年之久。当时英法美三国把三个占领区合并为联邦德国之后,为了保证避免希特勒式的强人出现,他们规定总统从此以后都是礼仪性的国家元首,也就是说德国总统是不掌握实际性权力的,而联邦总理是掌握实权的政府首脑,每四年随着联邦议会大选而选举一次,由议会多数党,或者由占据多数的党团推选总理。因此只要执政党占优势、执政党内大多数人也认可现任总理的政策和成绩,那么总理就可以无限制地当下去。
“当然,这个制度本来也存在风险,比如如果多数党本身就存在危机或者内部反对现任总理,那么就有可能在四年任期内下台。在二战后,像默克尔这样很长时间担任德国总理职务的人确实不少,比如说阿登纳,他从1949年到1963年当了14年总理。再比如说今年6月份去世的科尔总理,他是两德统一的功臣,也是默克尔的提携者,他从1982年到1998年当了16年总理。所以默克尔不是目前担任时间最长的总理,但是如果说她这次选举成功并且顺利任职到最后,也就是到2021年9月,那么默克尔也将担任16年总理,将追平科尔的记录,成为任职时间最长的总理。”
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