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三大飓风齐聚北大西洋 过热的海水成为推力

2017-09-13 14:51:28   央广网

央广网北京9月13日消息(记者张奥 实习记者于洋 罗月言)据经济之声《天下公司》报道,“这场风暴可能对我州造成灾难性的毁坏”。这句话出美国的佛罗里达州州长斯科特,从目前在加勒比海上岛国造成的伤害可以知道irma的威力,部分岛国的海平面上升6米,总计已经造成18人死亡。

现在大西洋上不只有Irma,还有两个飓风——jose和katia,为什么3个飓风会一起形成?中国气象爱好者的主编对此进行了解答。

主编解释说:“这和大西洋的海洋环境有关。大西洋上一次比较活跃是2004年到2008年,当时每年都有18个以上的飓风生成,特别是2005年,有27个飓风形成,其中有4个达到了5级飓风的强度。但是从2008、2009年以后,大西洋的飓风就越来越少,特别是2012年至2016年,每年的飓风是个位数,强飓风也很少,长期没有飓风活动,大西洋的海洋能量没有及时得到消耗,物极必反,周期也会变化,从飓风少的周期向飓风多的周期转变,所以这段时间可能是大西洋飓风的一个转变的特征。”

Irma很强,达到了5级,据主编介绍,另外两个飓风也很强,但是这两个飓风对于Irma来说还是比较弱的。jose飓风加强的也很快,用了两天时间就从热带风暴加强成了强飓风,相当于我国的强台风。能加强到强飓风的等级,对于大西洋来说已经很强了,但是相对于Irma又不算强。Katia加强的也很快,它也是相当于在两天时间从热带风暴加强到一级飓风,一级飓风相当于我国的台风12级左右,但是和Irma相比就更弱了。

很多飓风是不断加强的过程,热带气旋是由比较热的海水和比较冷的风面碰撞而成,是什么让它们加强?

主编称:“飓风的加强需要两个基质。最主要的是热力基质,海洋上面暖海水的热量传导到上面,通过水汽的蒸发和凝结,水汽蒸发吸收暖洋面的热量,到飓风的云层里面凝结、释放热量,这是飓风最主要的能量源泉。还有一个是动力基质,比如两股气流凑在一起,这是水平的动力基质,凑在一起可以形成漩涡,叫涡度,这是飓风形成的动力之一;另一个是垂直基质,高空有反气旋来不停地抽吸,底下的涡度也可以增大。台风和飓风一样,都是靠动力和热力基质来发展的,其中热力基质为主导。”

Irma一路上已经过境了好几个加勒比海岛国,为什么还没减弱?

主编表示:“Irma生成是在非洲的大西洋东岸,现在要往大西洋西岸去,这一路海水越来越暖,在它路过荷属圣马丁或法属圣马丁前后,海水温度已经上升到29度,也是在那个地方加强到了最高等级的5级飓风;到了美国的佛罗里达和巴哈马之间的这片海面,海水温度可以达到30-30.5度,这里会再加强一点而不是会减弱。陆地摩擦是可以削弱的,但它几乎巧妙地躲过了所有大的岛屿,只是登陆一些很小的岛屿,它的摩擦对强度影响可以忽略不计。真正可以影响强度的大岛是海地岛,古巴岛的外围可能会碰一下,但是碰到的都是古巴低平的地方,海拔只有100-200米,所以对它的削弱非常有限。相比而言,暖海水特别是巴哈马附近30度的,对它热量的提供和能量的维持,这个作用是大于地面摩擦的。所以在登陆美国之前,强度可能会维持,甚至会有一些增长。”

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