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未来东欧局势将趋向缓和?

2017-09-12 18:16:31   国际在线

据今日俄罗斯新闻网(RT)9月9日报道,德国外交部长加布里尔在接受俄罗斯媒体采访时表示,柏林欢迎莫斯科提议的让联合国维和人员进驻乌克兰东部地区的方案。如果成功,柏林将着手启动解除对俄制裁的政治进程。

加布里尔在接受采访时表示,俄罗斯总统普京的提议是向着乌克兰危机全面和平政治解决迈出的第一步。“我们现在需要做的就是确保实施这种旨在停火并撤出重型武器的谈判。”加布里尔说,“尽管俄罗斯与乌克兰仍然就一些问题存在分歧,但这不应该成为双方开启谈话的障碍。”普京是在9月5日出席金砖峰会后举行的记者会上,表示俄罗斯将向联合国提议,向乌克兰派遣维和人员。

普京称,维和人员有助于确保正在监督停火的国际观察员的安全。虽然该提议目前还存在一些争论的地方,如普京坚称维和人员只能部署在乌克兰接触线附近,而美国认为联合国维和人员的部署地点应该扩大至整个乌克兰东部冲突地区。但是笔者认为,德国此番的积极表态预示了未来的东欧局势存在缓和的可能。

近来一段时间,随着俄美关系的转冷,俄罗斯与东欧国家也持续紧张。而自9月14日起的一周时间,俄罗斯将在俄罗斯西部、其位于波罗的海旁的飞地加里宁格勒州以及盟国白俄罗斯(与波兰、拉脱维亚和立陶宛这三个北约(NATO)成员国相邻)举行代号为“西方2017”的大规模军事演习,这让东欧国家感到尤为不安。尽管莫斯科方面声称将有不到1.3万名士兵参加“西方2017”军演,但西方官员预计此次军演将涉及将近10万军事人员,此外还将部署680套装备。美军在欧洲的最高指挥官本•霍奇斯(Ben Hodges)警告称,此次演习可能是一个把俄罗斯士兵和武器带入并留在白俄罗斯的“特洛伊木马”。

西方的担忧并非是完全空穴来风,在战争史上利用军演为真正的军事行动作掩护早就发生过。而在2014年莫斯科方面就以一次“临时”演习为掩护,发起了收回克里米亚的行动。乌克兰国家安全委员会负责人曾表示,“无法排除”俄罗斯利用“西方2017”演习来创造“军事入侵”乌克兰的打击部队的可能性。波罗的海三国拉脱维亚、爱沙尼亚和立陶宛表达了类似担忧。为了威慑俄罗斯可能的“瞒天过海”,近期东欧各国与美国进行了多次军演,导致局势循环升级。而此次俄罗斯提议将联合国维和力量引入乌东地区进行监督,而德国对此积极响应,明显是让各方绷紧的神经放松了下来,有利于降低相互间的不信任感。

同时,此次德国的表态也显示出未来德国近俄远美的趋势。众所周知,乌克兰危机爆发以后,美国拉着欧盟一起制裁俄罗斯,结果导致欧洲与俄罗斯两败俱伤,因为欧盟约1/4的天然气仰赖俄罗斯进口,欧盟各国和俄罗斯经贸往来密切,从德国机械、汽车、英国金融和房地产、法国军火到意大利能源,利益关系千丝万缕。据奥地利经济研究所统计,仅在制裁的第一年,欧盟就牺牲掉约200万个就业机会,1000亿欧元的产值化为乌有。其中超过6000家公司在俄罗斯深耕的德国损失最惨重,受波及的就业机会约达50万个,相当于270亿欧元的产值,这些数据比欧盟官方承认的要高出许多。显然,德国明白与俄罗斯互相伤害弊大于利。

另外,与在朝的默克尔唯美国马首是瞻不同,在野的反对派及越来越多民意则倾向跨出美国保护的历史习惯,追求德国独立的外交政策及最大利益。如德国总理候选人马丁·舒尔茨8月22日曾作出承诺,如果他当选新一任德国总理,将会撤出美国部署在德国的核武器。

德国《明镜》周刊网站8月23日报道称,在舒尔茨之前,曾有德国高官提出建立“无核德国”而最终失败,但没想到其主张竟然获得了德国现任高官——外交部长加布里尔的赞同,他也主张撤出本国境内的美国核武器:“重要的是最终重新开始讨论军控和裁军问题。我认为,马丁·舒尔茨关于最终还应销毁我国境内核武器的意见是正确的。”尽管目前谈论撤出美国驻德核武器还有些虚无缥缈,但德国未来的远美倾向却已露出端倪。而作为北约内最有实力的欧洲国家之一,德国对俄罗斯的态度也会对其他欧洲北约成员产生不小的影响。

综上所述,笔者认为未来的东欧局势将有所缓和。(兰顺正)

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