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媒体评加班4小时猝死 “自愿”是毫无意义的黑色幽默

2017-09-12 09:12:25   中国青年网

“自愿”二字仿佛一句“咒语”,只要轻轻一念,就能视《劳动法》为无物,把有偿加班变成无偿加班、超时加班变成正当加班。

加班,是无数上班族心中挥之不去的阴影,因加班过度而毁掉身体并不少见。近日,又一起悲剧因加班而生,江苏省苏州市一名50多岁的男子文某,在加班4个多小时后,回家后突然身体不适,最终不治身亡。

事发后,死者家属立即向法院提起诉讼,要求企业承担用工不当的的责任。尽管文某是在返家后才产生不适,其猝死依法未被认定为工伤,但法院还是以用人单位违反“劳动法”规定过度安排加班、侵害了文某合法权益,不能排除文某死亡与加班的关系为由,作出了用人单位须对文某猝死承担相应责任、赔偿20万元的判决。

生命是人最宝贵的东西,人死不能复生,再多的罚金也不等价于文某消逝的生命。然而,文某就职的企业不仅没有主动承担起应负的责任,还在法庭上自辩称文某的加班出于“自愿”,试图以此作为挡箭牌,逃避违反“劳动法”的责任。

所谓“自愿加班”的托辞,不过是企业试图逃避“劳动法”制裁的幌子,当然无法得到法官的认同。但是,这种说法却有着相当强的迷惑性,甚至经常成为企业“忽悠”员工、糊弄监管部门的工具。“自愿”二字仿佛一句“咒语”,只要轻轻一念,就让企业视“劳动法”为无物,把有偿加班变成无偿加班、超时加班变成正当加班。这样的“咒语”在许多企业中大行其道,甚至成了一种业界潜规则。

然而,稍加分析,不难发现,这种诡辩于情、于理、于法都说不通,只不过是某些企业自欺欺人的手段而已。

于情来说,在大多数企业中,员工在上级面前都严重缺乏发言权,往往很难拒绝加班要求。员工如此弱势,一是不想丢掉工作,二是因为不敢轻易驳领导的面子。员工的弱势地位很容易被上级利用,要挟其“自愿”加班。一旦员工不情愿,领导随手就能给人扣上“工作态度不积极”之类的大帽子,甚至以此为由解聘员工。这使得“自愿加班”在各大企业中遍地开花,也使得“自愿”二字成了毫无意义的黑色幽默。

于理来说,只要是员工加班,不论自愿与否,企业都必须承担起相应的用工责任。一方面,企业理应发给员工符合其劳动价值,且足以补偿其休息时间损失的薪酬;另一方面,企业也要关注员工的身体情况,避免让员工承担吃不消的任务。就算员工真的“自愿”,充其量也只是员工的主观意愿,企业无论如何都应优先考虑员工的实际承受能力,而非仗着员工“自愿”,就肆无忌惮地把人当牲口使唤。

于法来说,《中华人民共和国劳动法》明文规定:“用人单位由于生产经营需要,经与工会和劳动者协商后可以延长工作时间,一般每日不得超过一小时;因特殊原因需要延长工作时间的,在保障劳动者身体健康的条件下延长工作时间每日不得超过三小时,但是每月不得超过三十六小时。”在文某猝死一案中,法院审理发现,用人企业竟然在死者出事前的一个月里,为他安排了每天2.5小时至4.5小时的加班时间,它明显超过了法律允许的最高加班时限。不论是否“自愿”,加班就是加班,违法就是违法。

保护劳动者,从来都不是一件容易的事。自1995年以来,强调保护劳动者权益的《中华人民共和国劳动法》已经实行了22年。但是,法律中明文规定的多项劳动者权益,却依然被不少企业视若无睹,肆意践踏。这其中,既有私企劳动关系难以监督的原因,也有某些企业总能通过玩弄文字游戏逃避责任的原因。因此,只有反复重申劳动法的权威,拒绝“自愿加班”的说辞,对违法企业严加惩处,才能维护法律的尊严,让悲剧不再重演。杨鑫宇

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