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2013年12月12日,习近平总书记在中央城镇化工作会议上发表重要讲话指出:“两千多年前,管子就提出‘因天材,就地利,故城郭不必中规矩,道路不必中准绳’。有的城市规划专家说,要本着同土地谈恋爱的立场来做好规划。这都体现了尊重自然、顺应自然、天人合一的理念。要让城市融入大自然,不要花大气力去劈山填海,很多山城、水城很有特色,完全可以依托现有山水脉络等独特风光,让居民望得见山、看得见水、记得住乡愁。”
“因天材,就地利,故城郭不必中规矩,道路不必中准绳。”出自《管子·乘马》:“凡立国都,非于大山之下,必于广川之上。高毋近旱,而水用足;下毋近水,而沟防省。因天材,就地利,故城郭不必中规矩,道路不必中准绳。”其大意是说,凡是营建都城,不依山便傍水,高低须适宜,高不能至于缺水,低不能至于排水困难,要充分依托现有的自然条件,因地制宜,因势利导,城池不必方正规整,道路不必整齐笔直。
“筑城以卫君,造郭以守民”,城市是人类文明发展到一定阶段的产物。为民众提供安身立命场所的城市,能以深远持久的方式改变自然面貌,塑造社会环境。
一方水土养一方人。作为一方水土建设的集大成之作,城址选择及市政建设举足轻重,有章可循。《周礼·考工记》载,“匠人营国,方九里,旁三门;国中九经九纬,经涂九轨;左祖右社,面朝后市”。这种形制被认为是古代中国城市“规矩”的典范。它包括四组相互联系的要素:城垣方正;中轴对称;道路笔直;王宫及重要建筑位居核心地带且坐北朝南,其他建筑各就各位,分布四周左右。“规生矩,矩生方,方生正”,主从有序、高低有别的城市格局,给人以宏伟端庄之气势,且在润物无声中烘托城市的威严。
然而,“地不辟则城不固”。城市建设力行“规矩”,有一基本条件,须以广阔平地作为承载。位于华北平原北端的北京,北枕居庸关,西靠太行山,俯视中原,沃野千里。紫禁城雄踞中心,以紫禁城中轴线向南、向北延伸,这条被梁思成称为“全世界最大,也最伟大的南北中轴线”南起永定门,北至钟鼓楼,激荡起北京特有的帝都气象。坐落“天府之国”腹心的四川成都,市政建设和北京有异曲同工之妙。学者刘大杰说,“成都这城市,有一点京派的风味”。像北京、成都这样城垣规整的平原城市在中国并不多见。中国为文明大国,从北到南,从东到西,地理形态、气候类型、人文风俗、经济结构丰富多彩,不是每座城市都有北京、成都那样得天独厚的“平原基座”,不是每座城市都要成为包罗万象、衢路平正的大城。
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