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对特朗普政府参与“一带一路”前景应报理性预期

2017-09-11 17:52:19   国际在线

美国总统特朗普上台后,对待“一带一路”倡议的立场与前任奥巴马总统发生了“明显”松动。白宫国安会亚洲事务高级主任波廷杰5月率团参加“一带一路国际合作高峰论坛”。6月22日特朗普在白宫会见中国国务委员杨洁篪时提到,美方愿同中方在“一带一路”有关项目上进行合作。但此后,未见双方在此领域全面展开合作,美方仍有诸多疑虑。

特朗普的经济政策及美国经济走向给“一带一路”倡议带来的既有机遇,更有挑战。因此,对未来特朗普政府能否真正建设性地参与“一带一路”前景应报理性预期。

目前,相当数量的国家对特朗普实施的国际经济政策抱有疑虑,甚至明确表示不满,担心国际贸易会遭遇更多壁垒,忧虑本国推动产业升级和技术创新会被特朗普政府指责为不公平竞争行为。

此外,在特朗普经济政策的刺激下,美国经济可能会短期走强,吸引包括发展中国家资本在内的国际资本向美集聚。发展中国家急需吸引资本,资本的外流将加剧国内资金紧张局面。据亚洲开发银行统计,2010年至2020年,亚洲各国国内基础设施投资合计约需8万亿美元,另需近3000亿美元用于区域性基础设施建设。此时,中国借“一带一路”倡议推动优质产能和中国资本走出去,将一定程度上缓解相关国家资本外流面临的经济压力,“一带一路”倡议相关项目必将受到有关国家的追捧。

未来“一带一路”倡议的大规模实施的环境条件是中美间在“一带一路”问题上消除战略疑虑,以市场规则为基本条件,借助全球化平台,将资本、劳动力、生产设备要素围绕“一带一路”项目进行配置的一套规则机制。从特朗普政府推行和即将推出的经济政策看,其给“一带一路”倡议带来的不仅只有机遇,更有挑战。

首先,美国不是“一带一路”倡议直接相关国,美国从中获得的经济利益是间接和隐形的。但中国与沿线国家加强经贸合作后,对美国产生的冲击却是直接和显性的。特朗普领导下的美国,气度和胸襟变得越来越小,对“一带一路”的大红大紫可能会比亚投行更加难以接受,美国对华战略疑虑或将进一步加重。美国战略界、学界已有人开始煽风点火,称“一带一路”倡议带有更大的政治目的,将瓦解美国全球领导力。

其次,特朗普经济政策挑战国际市场规则、迟滞全球化进程。特朗普“美国优先”的经济政策带有明显的保护主义、单边主义、本土主义、实用主义的特征。其在就职演说和首次国会演讲中都提出“美国第一”的新时代,把“雇美国人、购美国货”作为任内两大政策原则,特朗普的直接政策目标是要把大部分增长红利留在美国国内。美国贸易代表办公室今年3月1日提交给国会的《2017贸易政策议程及2016年度报告:美总统贸易协定规划》中就明确提出,美国将采取一些非传统的贸易措施,并声称,贸易政策要“维护美国家主权”,若世贸组织争端解决机制的裁决损害美利益,美国将不会遵守相关规则。这种极端自利的政策倾斜或许表明美国的国家政策基调在未来一段时间会有一个方向性的调整。步伐已经放缓的全球化将继续减速,国家间的摩擦将进一步增加。据世贸组织统计,2016年世界贸易增速仅为1.7%,不及预期的2.2%,为2009年以来最低值。特朗普的贸易政策变化将令世界贸易更加萎靡。更令人担忧的是,其它国家若效仿美国,无视享有多边贸易规则,公开违反世贸组织多边贸易框架和规则,全球化进程将遭受更为严重的冲击。“一带一路”作为推动新时期全球化进程的重要平台因此面临更加恶劣的外部环境。面对如此困境,中国高举全球化大旗,坚持推动“一带一路”,让更多国家分享中国发展红利更加难能可贵。

第三,特朗普由多边转向双边的对外贸易政策调整正在阻碍加强全球统一治理努力。过去20年,世界经济合作的一个重要合作进步就是多边合作的兴起和快速发展。越来越多的利益相关者被纳入同一合作框架,虽然谈判的效率和政策落地的效率有所降低,但是合作体现了多元化的特征,照顾到了不同合作者的利益诉求。今年1月23日,特朗普宣布美国退出TPP。此前,奥巴马总统积极推动的《跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴协定》(TTIP)谈判也被特朗普搁置。从特朗普随后的讲话中可以看出,特朗普想做的就是重回双边谈判架构,与主要贸易对象,进行“一对一”、“事对事”的谈判。这样做的确可以提高谈判的效率,有针对性的解决存在的问题,但是由于其是在双边框架下达成的,事实上形成了小集团、小圈子,为“一带一路”倡议的全球推广增大了难度。(余翔 中国现代国际关系研究院美国所经济室主任,美国哈佛大学访问学者)

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