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因为一名自驾游客擅自开窗投喂黑熊,不慎遭黑熊袭击,北京八达岭野生动物园再次成为舆论焦点。当地迅速作出反应,旅游委责成调查组取证,表明要严格限制自驾游进园车辆数量;市质监局也在新版《安全生产等级评定技术规范》(征求意见稿)中提出:“游客自驾观览的野生动物养殖场所,应设置游客车辆观览专用通道,通道应采取隔离网、架空、强化玻璃幕墙等方式,确保车辆不与猛兽有任何接触的可能”。
不妨对比一下同行做法。广州长隆野生动物园在国内最早试水“自驾游”,不过它在猛兽区有壕沟隔离,且通过抬高自驾游费用的做法鼓励乘坐大巴车;上海野生动物园直接规定:“20座以上不满40座客车须有本园导游陪同下驶入,20座以下客车和货运车一律不准驶入”;陕西秦城野生动物园更规定副驾驶座由动物园指定安全人员乘坐;甚至同在北京的大兴野生动物园,也鼓励乘客使用园区大巴。反观八达岭野生动物园,“自驾游”入园门槛较低,如6座以下的小型车仅收费60元/辆,中型车70元/辆,它的补救措施主要靠园区巡逻,或被动的事后补救,也构成和“防患于未然”思路的不同之处。这在一定程度上或能提供一个解释的角度,即为何同为野生动物园,事故发生率却存在较大差异。
在指责游客不具“规则意识”的同时,也该正视动物园的不足。首先,部分野生动物园安全理念未跟上发展速度。我国野生动物园兴起于上世纪90年代,与城市动物园普遍重视安全监管、动物福利保障、科普教育的公益性不同,野生动物园大都由民营资本投资,普遍以赢利为目的,有时刻意提供“惊险刺激”或“特别体验”的项目招揽游客,大大提高了游览动物园的潜在风险。其次,野生动物园的建设理念淡化了人们的风险认知。诸如肯尼亚国家动物园、黄石国家公园都建立在保护区概念之上,游客浸入式地体会“野生”的危险,而城市中的野生动物园往往“就地圈建”,动物们“人工饲养”,再加上园区“巡逻提醒”,导致总有一些人存在侥幸心理,轻估猛兽的危险性。
真正的“自驾游”应该是游客在受过专业训练的工作人员带领下,沿着固定线路,乘坐专门交通工具,在不打扰动物的情况下观赏和领略动物的自然魅力。当前一些野生动物园虽然也照搬引进“自驾游”,却具有内在缺陷。因此,在动物园事故频频发生的背景下,出台办法限制“自驾游”,确实是没有办法的办法,但也是确保公众安全利益最大化的做法。(扶青)
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