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普通话 规范着才是美丽的

2017-09-11 10:33:48   央广网

作者:陈光磊(复旦大学教授)

推广普通话进入了从普及到提高或者是既普及又提高的新里程。

国家通用语言普通话的推广是与时俱进的:1955年,国家提倡推广普通话,提出的方针是“重点推行,逐步普及”;1957年,这个方针增补为“大力提倡,重点推行,逐步普及”;1992年,推普方针调整为“大力推行,积极普及,逐步提高”,新世纪大体还是延续着这个方针。

现在,国家通用语言普通话的“大力推行”与“规范使用”要更加有力、更加深化地结合起来、融通起来,要日益注重和不断提升普通话使用的规范性、标准性和审美性。

首先要逐步提高教师、播音员、主持人、演员等职业语言工作者的普通话水平。他们普通话水平的提高,既可以有效地引领全社会普通话水平的提高,又可以有效地带动更广泛的普及。这就要把普通话测试进行得更有成效,其要求应有所提高,比如有些省市考虑把对教师的普通话水平的要求提高一个等级,或者对青年教师的普通话水平要求相应提高一个等级,如此等等。同时,普通话水平测试也要向更多职业岗位和社会阶层扩展,尤其是对公务员和服务行业更要提高要求。

普通话的推广要在普及基础上逐步提高,衡量其水平的根本指标就在于合乎普通话规范标准的程度。现在已经研制和颁布的国家通用语言文字和少数民族语言文字的规范标准已有200多项。但是,其中不少常用的、重要的规范标准在社会上的知晓率和执行度并不高,甚至是极低的。所以,对普通话规范标准的宣传和推行亟待加强,要让人们对普通话的规范标准有所了解和认知。

普通话水平的提高就在于对普通话能自觉地、有效地加以“规范使用”。而普通话使用的规范,有着两个层面:一是语言本体结构的规范,即普通话的语音、词汇、语法等结构规律的呈现;二是语言社会使用的规范,即语言交际的伦理原则、礼貌原则、情境适应等修辞语用规则的显示。普通话的规范使用,是形成和实现社会语言生活和谐的必要条件,是人们语言素养和语言能力的体现和表征。诚然,普通话的规范使用不是阻碍语言的发展变化和遏制语言的修辞创新,而是有助于引导语言的健康发展和有效地进行修辞创新。而经典就正是这种规范的生动体现和修辞创新的真正榜样,所以要向经典学习,展开经典朗读、诗词吟诵、演讲比赛、咬文嚼字等活动。从经典中人们会发现:语言的使用,“规范着才是美丽的”。

大力推广和规范使用国家通用语言文字,科学保护各民族语言文字,这是当今我国语言文字事业建设的总纲。在这个总纲的指引下,国家通用语言普通话的推广应该在普及的基础上逐步提高、在提高的引导下积极普及。对于那些普通话普及率还只有40%左右的边远地区和少数民族地区来说,更要大力推广,积极普及;而对于相当多普通话普及率高的地区,则要注重逐步提高普及水平。让我们致力于普通话的“大力推广”和“规范使用”,有效地提高普通话水平,使祖国的语言更加丰富、更加精致、更加优美。

《光明日报》( 2017年09月10日 12版)

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