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剖宫产率:合理控制但无指标 无痛分娩:全国普及率不足1%

2017-09-08 13:41:49   中国青年网

何种情况需剖宫产?

中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院产科副主任陈慧表示,剖宫产是有指征的。首先是胎儿或胎位有异常情况,比如横位,即宝宝横着躺在妈妈肚子里,根本无法通过产道娩出(即顺产),这就需要剖宫产;其次是胎盘出现问题,如胎盘早剥,这时候宫口还没有开,出现大量出血,如果不做剖宫产,就会胎死腹中;还有一种是胎儿窘迫、脐带脱垂,胎儿在宫内已经缺氧,这种时候如等到宫口打开,可能孩子已在子宫内窒息了,所以我们会建议紧急剖宫产手术。除了胎儿本身的原因,还有母体因素,如骨产道异常等;有过多次剖宫产史的产妇,容易发生子宫破裂等风险,医生也会建议采用剖宫产。

“顺转剖”是遭两次罪?

根据中华医学会的统计,6%的初产妇感觉轻微疼痛,约50%的初产妇感觉明显疼痛,约44%的初产妇感觉疼痛难忍,甚至“痛不欲生”。如果把疼痛分级,满分是10分的话,自然分娩的疼痛指数是9.7分-9.8分,这可能是大部分女性一生中所遇的最剧烈的疼痛。

对于无剖宫产指征的产妇,医生首先鼓励顺产。有的准妈妈会担心:“我要是试产到一半,突然发生胎心异常,缺氧,又’顺转剖’,岂不遭两次罪?”陈慧表示,经过规律宫缩的分娩是有益处的,对孩子生出来以后建立自主呼吸是有帮助的;而且她下一次分娩顺产的几率会增大,“并不是白挨了这一次宫缩的痛”。

医院有剖宫产率指标?

陈慧表示:“我们提倡尽量减低剖宫产率,避免不合理的剖宫产,但并没有说一定要在某一个数值以下。”陈慧强调,生命是最重要的,在孕妇和胎儿有危险的情况下,剖宫产能够救大人和孩子的性命时,医生肯定会选择它。随着医疗技术进步、孕产妇死亡率大幅降低,国际医疗卫生界1985年以来关于剖宫产率10%-15%之间的讲法已不适用于目前的医疗卫生状况。

陈慧说,我国公立三甲医院,由于接诊的危急重症产妇多,剖宫产率相对基层医院更高,达到了30%-40%。

记者了解到,广东剖宫产率低于全国平均水平。数据显示,2013年广东省剖宫产率为30.63%,而当年美国剖宫产率为32.7%;2014年广东省剖宫产率进一步下降至30.28%。

无痛分娩会影响胎儿?

孕妇在生产时的产痛,使“无痛分娩”逐渐受到重视。据介绍,通常所说的“无痛分娩”,在医学上称为“分娩镇痛”,一般用于顺产产妇。方法是在硬膜外下注射一定剂量的麻醉药,之后连接一个输注泵,泵里注入局麻药,连续泵注。无痛分娩的麻醉药剂量是很小的,只相当于麻醉剂量的1/10左右。无痛分娩可让准妈妈们不再经历疼痛的折磨,减少分娩时的恐惧和产后疲倦。

目前,孕妇和家属对无痛分娩的知晓率并不高,且传统观念影响下,不少婆婆并不同意给儿媳妇做无痛分娩,认为会对宝宝有影响。广州市妇女儿童医疗中心麻醉科主任宋兴荣透露,“其实从安全性上,无痛分娩的麻醉在剂量和浓度上都非常安全。”

无痛分娩普及率如何?

有多少产妇已经享受无痛分娩?宋兴荣透露,目前无痛分娩普及率较低,广东省约10%,全国不足1%。

为什么我国无痛分娩率那么低呢?宋兴荣表示,首先和医保报销额度有关。以广州市妇女儿童医疗中心为例,该院做无痛分娩费用为2000多元,医保报销仅700-800元,而且还是套用硬膜外麻醉方式、麻醉监护等项目报销。他表示,目前医保部门有无痛分娩的收费价格,但却未制定收费名目。另一方面,对无痛分娩的知晓率并不高。此外,目前国内麻醉医生短缺也是导致无痛分娩难以普及的重要原因。

羊城晚报记者 丰西西 符畅

通讯员 林伟吟 易灵敏 周密

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