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有文物有真相 “足球”“高尔夫”古代人早都玩过了
2017-09-08 07:31:55 中国青年网
围棋罐。
仙人六博画像砖。本文图片由四川博物院提供
元代龙泉窑豆青釉棋子瓷罐。
在现代体育诞生之前,国人除了“中国功夫”,还有哪些强身健体术和娱乐呢?第十三届全运会8月27日在天津举行之际,“动·境——中华古代体育文物展”在天津博物馆揭幕。展览汇集了来自全国的200余件体育文物,其中,四川博物院馆藏珍品51件。这些东汉画像砖、元代龙泉窑豆青釉棋子罐、商代石球等文物,生动呈现了射箭、围棋甚至“高尔夫”等古代体育运动,揭开了一个精彩纷呈的中国传统体育世界。□本报记者 吴晓铃
壹
跑步在古代有﹃职业选手﹄
中华古代体育文物展分为七个部分,涉及射箭、马术、御术、武术、蹴鞠、捶丸、六博、围棋、百戏等古代体育运动项目。
一块东汉习射画像砖上,两个手持弓箭的射士身着长袍,腰间束带,悬佩箭箙。右手执弓,左手搭箭于弦,欲射,场面极富动感。四川博物院特展部主任谢丹说,“早在西周时期,统治者将射箭比赛作为重要礼仪活动和教育手段。”射礼分为大射、宾射、燕射、乡射,组织严密可与古希腊奥运会相媲美。当然,贵族将门之子从小就得学习射箭。正是这种运动的广泛开展,春秋时期的楚国射箭能手潘党才能“百步穿杨”,南北朝时期的洛阳人长孙晟也才能练就“一箭双雕”。
事实上,现代奥运项目中的摔跤、跑步等项目,在中国古代都曾以极其类似的形态出现过。
在一幅东汉宴乐、曼衍角抵石刻画像砖拓片上,栩栩如生地刻画了东汉宴乐时的角抵图。这块画像砖1972年出土于今成都市郫都区的一处汉墓。从画面上看,图中主角是7位均赤足,戴着似猴、似牛等动物面具的“象人”进行着表演。这种“以角抵人”的方式,后来演变成了人们“两两相抵”的摔跤运动。谢丹说,其实中国早在春秋时期就已经有了摔跤比赛。史料记载,晋中的中军元帅赵简子的卫兵少室周就是摔跤高手,因为输给奴隶出身的朱谈以后,还把自己的职位让给了对方。
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