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秋冬防霾 打出“1+6”组合拳

2017-09-08 04:11:57   中国青年网

尹志烨作(人民视觉)

刚进入9月,京津冀地区就面临了一次持续5天左右的重度污染过程。9月3日,环保部通报,今年秋冬季重污染天气过程会相对提前。

“秋冬季节之所以空气污染加重,有两个原因。一是冬季北方有采暖的需求,加重了污染物排放;二是秋冬季有不利于污染物扩散的气象条件。”中国人民大学环境政策与环境规划研究所所长宋国君接受本报采访时表示。

为了提前防治秋冬季空气污染,环保部也会同其他各部委及地方政府出台了应对方案。

■ 首次提前定方案

8月下旬,环保部发布《京津冀及周边地区2017—2018年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案》及6个配套方案(以下简称“1+6”攻坚方案),对重污染天气预警和应对提出要求。这是第一次针对京津冀地区秋冬季污染制定治理方案。

“1+6”攻坚方案的主要目标是实现“双降15%”,即在全面完成《大气十条》考核指标的基础上,今年10月至明年3月期间,京津冀大气污染传输通道城市PM2.5平均浓度同比下降15%以上,重污染天数同比下降15%以上。

在9月1日环保部举行的新闻发布会上,环保部大气司司长刘炳江表示,以往的大气治理行动方案原则性设定较多,大尺度设置的目标较多,这次行动方案把具体任务细化到市、县、镇、乡,“精准定位”是这次攻坚方案的一个明显特点。

“1+6”攻坚方案还在量化考核方面有所创新,表现在对所有涉及到的城市及所属区县、乡镇党委和政府进行量化问责。问责事项分为“任务型”和“结果型”,将大气污染的治理任务与市县党委和政府责任挂钩。

如何更好保证治理效果?宋国君认为:“治理空气污染时要实行区域协同控制。以北京市为例,北京市区的固定源排放已经大大减少了,除继续降低颗粒物的排放外,还必须降低周围区域二氧化硫和氮氧化物的排放,才能让雾霾得以改善。气象因素是人类无法控制的,所以我们只有在不利气象条件下继续减排才能改善空气质量,其中秋冬季是重点。”

■ 春夏治理打基础

从今年4月起,环保部在京津冀及周边地区开展大气污染防治强化督察,共完成了10个轮次的督察轮换。通过持续高压执法,显著提高了企业达标排放率,“散乱污”企业清理整顿取得初步成效。

此举也令京津冀及周边地区环境空气质量持续改善。北京市3月至8月的PM2.5平均浓度仅为49微克/立方米,相比2016年同期下降了约25%,月均浓度均为2013年以来最低。

各地政府也因地制宜,相继出台防治大气污染、提高空气质量的相关政策,为2017年秋冬季空气污染防治奠定良好的基础。

山东省济南市于5月17日出台《济南市环境空气质量生态补偿暂行办法》(以下简称《办法》),提出“谁保护、谁受益;谁污染、谁付费”的原则。《办法》建立了颗粒物浓度持续改善补偿机制,对PM2.5和PM10平均浓度每季度内3个月同比均分别下降的县区,给予100万元奖励;反之,PM2.5和PM10其中一项指标季度平均浓度同比上升的县区,则需要上缴100万元,补偿资金统筹用于行政区域内改善大气环境质量的项目。

河南省分批对大气污染较重的10个省辖市开展环保督察,确保目标要求落到实处。省政府办公厅7月印发的《河南省“十三五”生态环境保护规划》也提出今年基本淘汰黄标车、省辖市建成区黑臭水体基本消除、河南省力争让优良天数在200天以上等目标。

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