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史前“巨兽”千足虫长度超2米 专家解密其生长与灭绝

2017-09-07 13:01:48   央广网

央广网北京9月6日消息(记者张奥 实习记者于洋 罗月言)据经济之声《天下公司》报道,费城的自然博物馆中正在举行“与巨兽同行”展,其中石炭纪的一种超大型无脊椎动物模型吸引参观者驻足拍摄,它是一只1:1制作而成的大型千足虫,长度2米多。它怎么可以长大那么长?究竟如何呼吸、如何进食?它和我们目前自然界中可见的千足虫有什么关联?很多问题被抛出。

据南京古生物研究所的蒋青博士介绍,石炭纪整个时长大概有6000万年,地球的历史是45-46亿年,很长一段时间地球上是没有生命的,生命的出现是在35亿年左右,而肉眼能见的、较大型的生命要到5亿年前。石炭纪本身已经占到6000万年的时间段,但它开始的时间大概在3.5亿年前,结束的时间是在2.9亿年前。

“千足虫能够长到2米多是一件很有意思的事。”蒋青解释称,这跟它所处的时代很有关系,这个时代叫做石炭纪。之所以叫石炭纪,是因为石炭来源于煤,而煤是高等的大型植物,特别是树等死后埋藏后所变成的。石炭纪时期是一个有大面积森林的时代,也是一个大产氧的时代,氧气高到占空气总量的35%,这对昆虫类的节肢动物是件大好事。千足虫身上的呼吸系统跟人类不同,它们的气管是身体体壁的凹陷,凹进去形成一个个管道贯穿在身体里,它们在呼吸的时候不是将氧气吸到血液里,通过血液循环来运输,而是用体壁的凹陷气管直接把外面的空气吸进去,里面的管道会再分支成很细的东西,吸进去的气体跟身体里的细胞进行氧气的交换作用。如果外面氧气浓度高,新陈代谢会更有效率。

对于距离我们有3亿年远的生命,如何研究它?蒋青说,要从化石来看它吃什么。第一,看它的嘴是否保存下来,看它是如何咀嚼的;第二,看肠道、胃以及体腔里面有没有留下痕迹,大致发现,它体腔里面保存的东西是树叶。“那时候的树和现在的不一样,我们叫它石松类,是一种类似蕨类的东西,而且吃的大多数是掉在地上的残屑,所以千足虫是一种素食者。”

蒋青介绍,一旦氧气的含量掉下来不足以维持千足虫新陈代谢的速率,它就会消失。在石炭纪末时,出现了很大的质变,全球的海陆变迁,陆地开始慢慢聚拢变成一个泛大陆,并且造山系统也开始造山,导致原来湿润氧气含量高的气候变得较干,氧气在造山的过程中被剥蚀作用和风化作用消化掉,使得这种大型的千足虫后来灭绝。

现在大自然中或者比较潮湿的环境中也会有小的软体动物,也有很多脚,这些是否是千足虫的后代?对此,蒋青表示:“严格来讲,这些不是它的后代,在英文里一般叫它Milipede,外国人叫它千足虫,但在中国一般叫这种类型的生物马陆。它的脚长不到一千只,因为有人数过,这一类生物平均下来,每一只虫子的脚大概有三百对儿。”

马陆在生物链中扮演什么角色?蒋青介绍,“虽然它看着让人不舒服,但它实际上它是一种无害的东西,而且它本身很弱,并没有保护自己很强的防御机制,有一种防御机制叫特殊的腺体,比如攻击它,使它不舒服时,它会从这些腺体里分泌一些很难闻的物质,会有一股怪味儿,它把自己弄得脏兮兮、臭烘烘的,然后对方就不想再碰它。”

蒋青还介绍到,在英文里,蜈蚣一般是百足虫类,它的脚在身体两侧,平着伸出来。但千足虫的脚一般在身体的下方,会有一些细微的不同。另外,千足虫的每个体节上有两对儿脚,但像蜈蚣这类的百足虫,其每个体节上有一对儿脚。另一个更大的不同在于它们的防御机制,千足虫可能比较被动,防御机制比较弱,但百足虫不同,它有毒腺。

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