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一开车就冲动 老司机为何不安全?

2017-09-07 09:02:23   中国青年网

《开车心理学:为什么我们一开车就变了样?》

(美)汤姆·范德比尔特著

邹熙、陈晓斐译

中信出版集团

◎郑渝川(书评人)

长期为《纽约时报》、《连线》等媒体撰写专栏文章的作家汤姆·范德比尔特写成了一本趣味性极强的《开车心理学:为什么我们一开车就变了样?》。这本书强调指出,不应将交通拥堵的责任归咎于女性——如果说因为女性的较多、高频出行,确实助推了拥堵,也需要因此更加客观地将她们相比男性所承担的工作、家务压力纳入考虑。道路上之所以更多的出现女司机,其深层次原因是,市场经济在不断促成家务劳动社会化,“这同样是富裕产生的效应之一”,促使了更多产业和就业岗位出现,但人们却需要学会为此在不同地点间奔波。

《开车心理学:为什么我们一开车就变了样?》这本书着眼于探讨交通行为以及背后的复杂心理。全书开篇就直接引入让很多人纳闷的问题:为何会有如此之多的司机(可能就是你、我、他、她),在驾车过程中显得严重暴躁,跟自己平时的行为甚至性格完全不同?

汤姆·范德比尔特认为,开车暴脾气相当常见,尤其是在陌生环境中(大城市的复杂道路交通体系内),这构建出一个类似网络聊天室的匿名环境,自私自利(例如最晚变道、插队变道而不是按照交通提示尽早变道)可以带来最大的搭便车效益,一般情况下却不会付出代价;脾气暴躁,容不得他人超车,却并不影响自己超车。

很多人都有过这样的开车体验:自己等候的车道,永远要比旁边车道行进得慢。这容易滋生出司机对靠前的车辆司机的不满,对于行驶在其他车道快速超过自己的司机也流露出负面情绪。事实上,根据心理学家的观测与分析,这种体验完全来源于心理错觉,也就是常见的排队错觉,在排队中,人的时间感、满足感、社会公正感都被打乱。人们会高估自己等待的时间,密切注意那些超车超过了自己的人,却不会将自己超车、快速通过路口所节省的时间以及不文明驾驶的行为挂在心上,使得不愉快的体验在很大程度上被放大。

有趣的是,几乎每个人都觉得自己的开车技术比别人好,虽然这显然不符合统计原理,但人们的逻辑常常是,自己的技术好,而其他很多人的技术糟的惊人(所以自己被拖累了)。书中解析指出,绝大多数人的开车技术都非常差,这主要是因为人们对于相互距离、行驶速度等的判断都是错的。

实际上,所谓的“老司机”,在开车时的大多数时间会进入一个潜意识主导的状态,许多人会在开车的同时接听电话或做别的事情,比如切换播放机的音乐,查看油耗,等等。按照心理学家的说法,这叫做“过度学习”,即通过专门的学习熟练掌握某项技能,因而在行使该技能时不必投入太多有意识的思考。这种情况下,很多司机在保持着表面上的“全神贯注”驾驶情况下,对于交通标识也没有做到尽收眼底。心理学家开展过的“看不见的大猩猩”测试,即常见的“非注意盲视”现象,就频繁地出现在驾车司机的身上。

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