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生命健康权何时能让自己做主

2017-09-07 06:57:14   中国青年网

杨京

近日,陕西榆林市某医院住院部,一名待产孕妇从楼上坠下身亡。事发后,医院发表声明称,产妇曾向医护人员提出剖宫产的要求,但家属拒绝。家属对此说法则予以否认,并称曾主动向院方提出剖宫产。

此事经过几天发酵,目前家属和院方依然各执一词。真相和是非,尚需进一步调查,舆论场中的贸然“站队”更无丝毫助益。而此事所引发的一个关键问题,足以引发思考:患者对自己的身体,能否有完全的支配权。

根据 《医疗机构管理条例》第三十三条的规定,“医疗机构施行手术、特殊检查或者特殊治疗时,必须征得患者同意,并应当取得其家属或者关系人同意并签字;无法取得患者意见时,应当取得家属或者关系人同意并签字。”

从字面上看,在治疗方案的选择上,医院只是阐明风险利害。患者一方既享有知情权,也享有最终的决定权。而患者与“家属或关系人”的一致同意,是能否进行治疗的前提条件。

在大多数时候,“患者”与“家属”之间都比较容易达成一致。但一旦出现“大多数时候”之外的状况,这一条款就出现了模糊不清的弊端。

比如说,有人一心轻生或是不堪病痛,决意放弃治疗。面对家属的强烈要求,是救还是不救?一旦患者本人和家属在处置方案上出现不同意见,院方又该以哪一方为准?

身体和生命由自己做主,是普遍的伦理观念。只要是在意识清醒的状况下,患者的意愿应该是第一位的。但从医院的角度出发,如果不同时征得家属的同意,一旦在后续治疗中出现差池,往往会造成难以预料的风险。

从这个角度看,要求患者和家属一致同意,可以看做是替医院一方划清权责边界,甚至有些“自保”的意味。但无论怎么说,某一个意识神志完全清醒的人,却无法独立决定自己所要接受的治疗,显然是有些不合情理的。

事实上,在社会流动愈加频繁的当下,强求“家属签字”也开始变得不合时宜。早在2002年,深圳一家医院就曾表示,因为当地打工者多,很多病人的亲属不在身边,“家属签字”已流于形式。

悲剧已发生,尘埃尚未落定。而在这样的代价面前,如何保障患者对自己生命健康权的支配权利,其间的种种伦理困境如何才能消除,即使很难一蹴而就,即使需要付出多方面的努力,至少也到该反思的时候了。

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