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南新仓:全国仅存的9座皇家仓厫

2017-09-07 04:26:42   中国青年网

▲在现代街区包夹下的南新仓

?南新仓屹立着郭守敬塑像

郭欣

不读懂仓廒,就读不懂中国的古代社会——封建王朝。

那一栋栋表情木讷、沉默寡语的高脊瓦房,折射着一种制度、一个时代以致一个帝国的辉煌与黯淡。它们与紫禁城同龄,京杭大运河的嫡亲,元、明、清三朝600年皇族的生命所系。如今,尽管已经废弃百年,人们仍然像护卫故宫一样护卫着它的尊严,在无数座玻璃摩天大厦中守护历史记忆。

这就是北京市东城区东四十条22号南新仓,全国仅存的9座皇家仓厫。

南新仓是大运河的骄子

仓廒之廒,古代储粮库房之谓也。从元代起,南新仓就贵为皇家秫米储藏之地。在全国密如星宿的仓廒中,它神圣不可触动。其实,皇帝比百姓更为脆弱,没有秫米支撑,权力和威严就会变得不堪一击。

数百年来,南新仓周边簇拥着一大片粮仓群落:北侧有海运仓、北新仓;中部有旧太仓、兴平仓和富新仓;南侧有禄米仓。它们为什么统统聚集在朝阳门下呢?不仅因为这里地势居高,通风良好,仓储的粮食不易霉变,也不仅因为它们紧依护城河,有着舟楫之便,更重要的是东行40里,就是京杭大运河通州码头。南来的漕粮登陆后可以直抵南新仓,而紫禁城与南新仓也不过是一箭之遥。得天独厚的地理位置,令朝阳门成为京城唯一的“运粮门”。

公元1293年,元代著名水利专家郭守敬,主持开凿了从元大都到通州的运河——通惠河,使南来的漕粮经驳船能够直达积水潭码头。需要入仓的粮食则可从东便门的大通桥转入东护城河,或是陆路运至朝阳门各仓廒。

以前供应京师的粮仓多建在通州,通惠河开浚后,城里陆续建起了一批以南新仓为代表的大型粮仓。上个世纪50年代,雍和宫西侧意外出土了元代“京畿都漕运使王德常去思碑”,令考古界兴奋不已。这位漕运史官的碑上刻有如下文字:“至正十五年京师有54仓,储粮达百万石。”这无疑是那个时代漕粮运储状况最可靠的佐证。

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