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宫颈癌疫苗来了 谁需要接种

2017-09-06 09:26:47   中国青年网

本月,中国内地首个获批的宫颈癌疫苗在部分医院已接受预约接种。随着宫颈癌疫苗落地市场,关于“宫颈癌疫苗接种是否必要”“我是否适合接种宫颈癌疫苗”的疑问也接踵而至。

接种宫颈癌疫苗很有必要

北京协和医院妇科主任医师孙晓光教授介绍,宫颈癌是女性发病率最高的癌症之一。在我国每年宫颈癌新发病例10万人以上,死亡3万人,而且有年轻化的趋势。

宫颈癌的病因目前非常清楚,就是人乳头瘤病毒HPV所导致。经过科学家的努力,已经产生了高效安全的疫苗来预防HPV的感染,可以预防和降低70-90%的宫颈癌发生。

从2006年起,宫颈癌疫苗在世界大多数国家已经使用了10余年。证据表明,宫颈癌疫苗的应用已经显著降低了宫颈癌的发生率和HPV阳性率。

个人注射宫颈癌疫苗可以大大减少HPV病毒感染、特别是最厉害的HPV 6/18型病毒的感染机会,最大限度地减少患宫颈癌的机会。研究显示,口腔癌、舌癌、喉癌等也与HPV高危型密切相关,所以HPV疫苗也能够预防大部分这些癌症。

从国家层面来讲,广大适龄人群注射宫颈癌疫苗,可以减少我国宫颈癌的发生率,提高人群的整体健康水平和寿命。同时减少晚期病例的医疗支出。可以说,宫颈癌疫苗进入我国是广大女性的福音,是我国防治宫颈癌的一个大事件。

二价疫苗可预防90%以上宫颈癌和癌前病变

目前被美国食品药品管理局许可的,全球范围可以接种的宫颈癌疫苗有三种。一种是二价疫苗,这种疫苗针对的是HPV16型和18型病毒亚型,也是此次首个获批进入中国内地的宫颈癌疫苗。本月开始,北京市民可在居住地周围具有资质的接种网点进行接种。

孙晓光教授表示,HPV16和18型病毒是引起宫颈癌最常见的病毒,也是致癌性最强的病毒亚型。在所有宫颈癌病例中,约有70%是由HPV16和18型引起的。二价疫苗预防这两个病毒引起的宫颈癌,作用可达100%。鉴于二价疫苗对其他病毒类型的HPV感染也有交叉保护作用,因此,接种二价疫苗可以预防93%左右的宫颈癌和癌前病变。

另一种是四价疫苗,该疫苗针对的是HPV6、11、16和18型病毒。其中,6型和11型是低危病毒,是引起生殖器湿疣的最常见亚型。16型和18型是引起宫颈癌的最常见亚型。目前,该疫苗已于今年5月获得了国家食药监总局的上市许可,将成为第二个在中国内地获批上市的宫颈癌疫苗,但具体上市时间待定。

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