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四方面厘清零包运输毒品定性难点

2017-09-06 08:17:03   中国青年网

依法从严惩处零包贩卖毒品犯罪行为,是当前禁毒工作的一项重要任务。2015年5月18日,最高人民法院印发的《全国法院毒品犯罪审判工作座谈会纪要》(下称《纪要》)明确提出“要加大对制毒物品犯罪、多次零包贩卖毒品、引诱、教唆、欺骗、强迫他人吸毒及非法持有毒品等犯罪的惩处力度”。由于目前刑法并不处罚单纯的个人吸食毒品行为,因此在涉及毒品运输的定罪问题上,需要正确区分为个人吸毒而运输或委托他人运输毒品与为贩毒而运输毒品的差异。具体来说,依法惩处零包运输毒品行为需要处理好以下四个问题:

第一,为自吸或他人吸食而零包运输毒品均具有法益侵害性。运输与制造、贩卖毒品罪不同于故意杀人罪需要有死亡结果,也不同于放火罪需要火势足以危害公共安全的具体危险,其属于抽象危险犯。也就是说,运输与制造、贩卖毒品罪不需要运输与制造、贩卖的行为给他人身体健康造成实际危害后果即可构罪。因为,毒品本身就是危险品,并最终可能流向使用人。所以,运输与制造、贩卖毒品罪也就不应要求只有毒品被他人实际使用或有实际使用的危险才认定有法益侵害性。

同时,运输与制造、贩卖毒品罪保护的是不特定多数人的人身健康,并不排除瘾君子个人的人身健康,所以,毒品被用于满足他人或自己瘾癖均不是阻却违法性的事由,只要实施了制造、运输、贩卖行为即均具有法益侵害性。实际上,实践中以瘾君子为毒品贩卖对象以及以贩养吸均不会成为阻却违法性事由。同样,毒品被用于自吸还是他人吸食也不是阻却运输毒品行为违法性的事由。

第二,为自吸或他人吸食而零包运输毒品是否构成犯罪是有责性的问题。根据最高人民检察院、公安部《关于公安机关管辖的刑事案件立案追诉标准的规定(三)》第1条第5款规定,运输毒品罪的主观上只需要明知是毒品即可,根据刑法谦抑性原则,以自吸为目的是责任阻却事由。但为托运人自吸而零包运输的不应成为责任阻却事由。正如自杀行为不构成犯罪,但对为自杀者提供实质帮助的人不能以帮助自杀免责但可以减责一样,为瘾君子代运毒品实际就是帮助瘾君子用毒品伤害自己,当然也只可以减责而不能阻却有责性。考虑到为吸毒人员代运毒品有减责的空间,《纪要》规定为吸毒者代购毒品并在运输中被查获的,没有证据证实托购者、代购者是为实施贩卖毒品等其他犯罪时,数量达到较大以上的对代购者以运输毒品罪共犯论处,这相较于2000年4月最高人民法院出台的《全国法院审理毒品犯罪案件工作座谈会纪要》对这类行为以非法持有毒品罪定罪处罚更具合理性。

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