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让“人造太阳”从东方升起(砥砺奋进的5年·中国温度)
2017-09-06 06:16:48 中国青年网
中国“人造太阳”核心部件示意图
让5000万摄氏度等离子体稳定持续燃烧100.12秒。这是中国超导托卡马克实验装置在今年7月创造的新纪录。其重大意义不仅在于实现了超高温度,而且在于检验了对等离子体百秒级高约束运行控制的模式。
中国超导托卡马克实验装置(即Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak,缩写为EAST,也被称为“东方超环”)是在真空室内加入少量氢的同位素氘或氚,通过类似变压器的原理使其产生等离子体,然后提高其密度、温度使其发生聚变反应,反应过程中会产生巨大能量。其原理在本质上与太阳核聚变相似,因而,“东方超环”也被誉为中国的“人造太阳”。
核聚变的燃料是氘和氚,在自然界的存量近于无限。聚变产生巨量能源时几乎不会有污染物,也无放射性核废料,是目前已知的可最终解决人类能源和环境问题的最重要的途径之一。上世纪30年代,核聚变的原理就被提出来,但是产生可控核聚变需要的条件非常苛刻。我们知道,太阳中心温度可达1500万摄氏度,再加上巨大的压力,使核聚变能够进行。地球上,人类所能获得的压力条件有限,只能通过将温度提高至上亿度来弥补。而如此高的温度没有任何一种固体物质能承受,只能靠强大的磁场来约束,由此产生了磁约束核聚变。而产生强大磁场,进行磁约束核聚变的反应设备就是托卡马克装置(Tokamak)。其中央是一个环形的真空室,外面缠绕着线圈。在通电的时候,托卡马克装置的内部会产生巨大的螺旋型磁场,将其中的等离子体加热到很高的温度,以达到核聚变的目的。第一代托卡马克装置由苏联科学家阿齐莫维齐等人在20世纪50年代发明。
上世纪90年代初,中国引入了苏联的托卡马克装置,对其进行了大幅改进,建成超导装置HT-7。2003年3月,HT-7获得超过1分钟的等离子体放电,最长放电时间达到63.95秒,成为继法国之后,第二个能产生分钟量级高温等离子体放电的托卡马克装置。在HT-7基础上,中国科学家用10年时间,自主设计和建造出世界上首个全超导托卡马克装置EAST。EAST装置的主机部分高11米,直径8米,重400吨,由超高真空室、纵场线圈、极向场线圈等6大部件组成。它集中了超高温、超低温、超大电流、超强磁场和超高真空等多项极限。整个项目的国产化率达到90%以上,自研率在70%以上。取得的具有自主知识产权的技术和成果达68项之多。
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