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“以审判为中心”需完善辩护制度(对话)

2017-09-06 05:21:49   中国青年网

“深入推进以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革”是当前司法体制改革的一项重要任务。如何理解“以审判为中心”?如何在庭审中确保事实、证据等经得起法律的检验?日前,记者就这一话题采访了中国政法大学刑事司法学院副院长汪海燕教授。

记者:“以审判为中心”是否意味着案件都要经过庭审?会不会造成案件积压?

汪海燕:“以审判为中心”并非要求每起案件都要进行实质化的庭审。审判中心与庭审实质化是关系紧密但又有区别的两个概念。

当前,案件激增与有限的司法资源之间的矛盾已成为不争的事实。如果没有合理的程序分流机制,那刑事审判系统很可能难以承受,必然会造成案件积压,最终损害司法权威。

据统计,近几年,全国法院判处拘役以下刑罚的占40%以上。对于这些被告人认罪的轻微犯罪案件,在保障其合法权利前提下,可以通过不起诉、简易程序、速裁程序以及其他认罪认罚机制解决。

因此,在“推进以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革”的同时,也在同步开展“完善刑事诉讼中的认罪认罚从宽制度”的改革。两者之间是相辅相成的关系。

记者:在具体司法实践中应当如何落实“以审判为中心”?

汪海燕:“以审判为中心”不单单是刑事诉讼制度层面的改革,而应该是包含诉讼制度、司法体制等多层面、立体化体系化工程的完善、构建。

其中,确保法官独立行使审判权是核心,“让审理者裁判、让裁判者负责”是落脚点。中办、国办印发的《领导干部干预司法活动、插手具体案件处理的记录、通报和责任追究规定》,以及中央政法委印发的《司法机关内部人员过问案件的记录和责任追究规定》等文件,都为依法独立行使审判权提供了政策性依据。

除此之外,还需要进行体制方面的改革,完善相关的法律法规,比如修改法官法等法律,完善法官考评机制,解除法官后顾之忧,赋予其抵御外来干涉的底气。

记者:推进以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革,还需要在哪些方面予以完善?

汪海燕:实现“以审判中心”需要重点完善相关诉讼制度或规则。比如,要解决被告人不认罪认罚案件中,控辩双方有争议的关键证人出庭问题。有争议的关键证人不出庭,不仅从实体上难以查明事实,而且在程序上还剥夺了被告人的质证权。因此,不仅要明确哪些证人应当出庭,还要明确不出庭的证人证言的法律效力。

另外,还需要完善辩护制度,尤其是法律援助制度。“以审判为中心”及庭审实质化加剧了控辩双方的对抗。如果没有律师的帮助,庭审实质化的公正可能就要打折扣,甚至可能恶化被告人的处境。尤其在认罪认罚从宽案件中,没有完善的辩护制度和法律援助制度,很难保证被告人认罪的明智性和自愿性,导致冤错案件发生。

因此,推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革,需以完善的辩护制度和较为发达的法律援助制度为依托。

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