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文玩核桃 中国人独有的核桃文化

2017-09-06 03:26:50   中国青年网

除了食用,核桃在中国人手中还发展了一种特殊的用途——文玩。

用于文玩的核桃在京、津、冀地区叫做山核桃。此类核桃的皮厚而实,纹路杂而深,肌理走势美感丰富,其用途有两个,一是被艺人用作雕刻原材料,供人观赏,二是被用来在手中揉搓盘玩健身,统称为文玩核桃。种类逾百,形制各异,大小不一,其精品也有叫雅玩核桃。

文玩核桃又称作“手疗核桃”、“掌珠”,民间还有“揉核桃”、“团核桃”、“耍核桃”等多种叫法。俗语有“十指连心”,即手上的穴位丰富,且与周身的经络、脏器相通,中医认为通过揉捏、敲打这些穴位,可疏通经络、促进血液循环。核桃冬不凉、夏不燥,盘玩揉捏时,既有趣味,又可健身。

把玩核桃始自明朝

山核桃被拿来揉手应是始自明朝,开始时只是宫廷琴师锻炼并保持手指灵活性的辅助工具,经过长期摩挲后,核桃纹路变得绛红圆润,包浆光泽如玉如瓷,被其他宫人们喜爱,逐渐普及开来,成为养生的器具之一,随之慢慢传到民间。因核桃在民俗中本有吉祥寓意,很容易被老百姓接纳,把玩的人越来越多,形成了一种风气、一种文化。

把玩的人多了,就会有攀比,人们开始追求核桃皮的纹路是否优美,大小、形状是否配对,是否稀有罕见,包浆是否红润光泽,而各种核雕工艺品更是被人追捧、赏玩。天启皇帝朱由校就核桃不离手,而且还自己雕刻核桃,此后,民间便有“玩核桃遗忘国事,朱由校御案操刀”的野史流传。

闲散旗人推动文玩文化

清朝入关之后,朝廷为奖励各旗族人在开疆、拓土、立国中的功勋,并防止他们滋事生非,给旗人们分配田产,不用纳粮、不用做工。旗人把田产分包给佃农长工、把钱财放贷给商户作坊,每年收租收息,便把大量的精力、时间和财富放在娱乐休闲方面。

清朝历代皇帝尊崇汉家文化,并倡导旗人们多读儒学经典,以博学识、养身心、怡性情,摆脱牧猎民族的“野蛮”习气,但有旗籍的男子,并没把心思放在寒窗苦读上,而是万分喜爱各式文玩。于是文玩文化在清朝达到发展的最高潮。

乾隆皇帝本人喜好清雅古趣,核桃的纹路成色所孕育的自然野气、长久把玩后的金石之声十分对他脾气,因而对揉手核桃格外喜爱。据传,他曾赋诗,“掌上旋日月,时光欲倒流。周身气血涌,何年是白头?”把玩核桃之风也借此达到鼎盛,被当时朝野文人归为“四雅”(核桃、鸟笼、扇子、葫芦)之一,官员们玩核桃之风最甚,一对好核桃竟然成为当时身份和地位的象征。商贾们或为附庸风雅,或为行贿纳贡,也争相进入了收藏核桃的行列。文玩核桃的价格更是水涨船高,其品种的划分命名也在这个时期逐渐被完善。京城郊外更是有几棵核桃树结的核桃成为了御用贡品。

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