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“哈维”飓风 人祸几何?

2017-09-06 03:21:43   中国青年网

飓风“哈维”已经减弱,而它带来的灾害仍在继续。美国得克萨斯州南部数个受灾县4日公布的数据显示,“哈维”飓风已致60多人死亡。截至9月2日晚,仍有3.2万多名灾民居住在避难所内。政府部门预测,得州重建费用可能高达1800亿美元。

当飓风过去,人们开始反思,这场56年来得州遭遇的最强风暴中究竟人祸几何,有哪些损失可以避免?

信息碎片化

记者在走访几个灾区后发现,虽然从救灾本身来讲,美国当地政府在灾害应急机制、与民间组织合力开展救援上表现尚可,但在信息发布、灾害预警方面的问题比较突出。

此次救灾过程中,政府部门主要负责抢险救人,而人员安置、伤员治疗、心理疏导等主要由社会组织完成,这是美国多年以来形成的比较成熟的社会分工。就机制本身而言,问题不大。与之相对,救灾过程中的信息碎片化发布问题相对突出。

从洪灾一开始,来自州、市、地区政府以及一些民间组织的碎片化信息不断变化、从四面八方涌向灾区,令人无所适从。以避难所为例,救灾过程中临时搭建的避难所缺乏统一规划,信息不明、数量难以统计。信息缺乏与不畅容易导致资源浪费。

记者在采访中遇到一位91岁的老太太,她好不容易被从家中解救转移到避难所,但却发现这里还不如自己家,于是又在救灾人员护送下折返。

信息不畅还体现在对因灾死亡人数的统计上。“哈维”致死人数由县政府上报,媒体据此合计出死亡人数加以报道。在灾情进行过程中,并没有一个正规官方机构负责通报准确的死亡人数和灾害损失。

城市早规划

在受灾最为严重的休斯敦市,“哈维”让人们开始思考,在下一步的城市规划中,应该更多将城市发展与气候条件相结合来考虑。

大多数受访灾民认为,虽然考虑到休斯敦人口规模,政府没有下令让所有人全部撤离的做法有可取之处,但在一些地区、一些时间点,政府完全有可能预见受淹区域,如果能提早发布撤离令,可以减少不少损失。对那些往年较强降雨会淹没的区域,政府应该让这些区域的居民首先撤离;在水库泄洪时,政府也可以预见被淹区域,早下撤离令。

休斯敦靠近墨西哥湾,饱受飓风之苦。但随着城市的扩张发展,大量可以吸纳雨水的荒地、沼泽被开发成小区。加之休斯敦的建设缺乏统一发展规划,城市没有商业、住宅、工业和绿地的基本功能划分,快速扩张和密集开发导致这些地区极易被淹。

记者曾探访过位于泄洪区里的小区,但在泄洪区内建小区是否合适?这是日后房地产开发中政府应关注的问题。

休斯敦市政府已经意识到这一问题的严重性,市长特纳表示已经在考虑下一步城市规划问题,届时要更多地考虑自然灾害和气候条件。

高路 刘秀玲(新华社特稿)

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