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不以明星为唯一的议价标准

2017-09-05 09:21:53   央广网

原标题:不以明星为唯一的议价标准

正在上演的《敦刻尔克》大概属于“去明星化”电影。它聚焦战争中的“群像戏”,主角由不满20岁的新人担纲,几位明星被戏称“最熟的演员,露最少的脸”,甚至导演拿走了最高片酬,对迷恋“明星效应”的影视圈来说,颇有些逆流的意味。但这部电影却以极高的票房和口碑证明,明星和作品是互为成全的关系,好演员固然可以让作品更出彩,但如果有足够好的剧本和导演,生产的作品“叫好又叫座”,可以产生好演员。

最近,新闻出版广电总局联合四部委印发《关于支持电视剧繁荣发展若干政策的通知》,明确提出“严禁播出机构以明星为唯一议价标准”,针对的就是所谓“明星中心制”现象。按照经济学家舍温·罗森的“超级明星理论”,超级明星的确具有较强号召力和影响力,容易在市场上占据支配地位,但也并不意味着明星就要凌驾于其他一切生产要素之上,对他人形成挤压。纵观国内大量的电视剧、综艺剧、网络剧等,都不同程度存在对明星的依赖,特别是片酬分配具有“明星最大化”倾向。据央视报道,明星演员片酬最低2500万元,最高的超过1亿元,基本上占据制作成本的50%以上。其中,一部成本3亿元的电视剧演员可拿走2亿元,在一些更为倚重流量偶像的IP大剧中,明星片酬在制作成本中占比甚至达到75%。

如果不考虑宣传、发行、运营等成本,仅仅从制作成本和人力成本出发,将前者简化为布景、服装、拍摄周期、后期制作等,后者简化为编剧、导演、摄像和演员片酬等,也足见生产要素之多。在这个生产链上,一个较好的分配体系会取向均衡,努力使所有人“物有所值”;而一个不够明智的分配体系,会形成“头重脚轻”的不均感。再以《敦刻尔克》为例,因为能更好地控制人力成本,在拍摄海滩军队远景时,电影没有采用电脑特效复制人数,而是制作了大量人影纸板。而纵观国内一些影视剧,常常被人吐槽“五毛特效”,布景上时有穿帮,灯光和摄影也无甚讲究,尤其是编剧处于生产链末端,要地位没地位,要薪酬没薪酬,经常写一些“不讲科学”“不讲内涵”的作品,令人贻笑大方。归根结底,都是太过于迷恋“明星中心制”,以至于轻视作品的内容、剪辑、视觉、音效等。

“天价明星”的现象频现,跟影视市场的发育程度有关。如今,一些流量剧越来越倾向于启用从歌手、偶像转型而来的演员,他们很多人甚至没学过专业表演,在屏幕上只会耍帅扮酷,由始至终一个表情。这样的作品必然质量不佳,然而偶像就意味着“粉丝经济”,足以对收视率、票房形成“保底”作用。因此,站在市场和效率的角度,虽然不得不承认“明星电影”有其合理性,但也需要看到随着影视选择越来越多样化,受众审美能力提高,那种只打“明星牌”的小算盘已经不再有效,受众渴望有品质、有创新的影视作品。同时,对相关部门来说,只有对市场的“无形之手”进行引导,才能助力影视圈改掉浮躁风气,产生社会效益。对此,完善科学合理的电视剧投入和分配机制是很好的切入点。

当前,播出机构作为决定电视剧是否上线的购播平台,具有一定的引导作用。只有播出机构真正做到不以明星为唯一议价标准,制作方才能更充分地尊重和鼓励原创,在投入和分配上体现创意和知识的价值。此外,行业组织应出台电视剧成本配置比例指导意见,引导制作企业合理安排电视剧投入成本结构,优化片酬分配机制。

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