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摆脱浅薄的途径依然是阅读

2017-09-05 08:37:10   中国青年网

过去的15年,我们的生活方式发生了巨大的变化。这种变化,历史上只有造纸与印刷术的发明带给世界的变化可以与之相提并论,而在变化的速度以及剧烈程度上,则是史无前例的。与之相应的,互联网所带来的各种信息以古典时代不能想象的几何级数在增长,也给我们带来了极大的便利。当我们徜徉在信息与文本的海洋中,随意选择,顾盼自得,却不无悲怆地发现碎片化、扁平化的新鲜体验正在分割、侵蚀着我们,擅长复制的网络语言越来越浅白,缺少独特的生命体验、兴味与气象。

同时,这是一个即时表达、传送与表演的时代。个人或机构都可以利用网络、智能手机自我表达,或恰当或拙劣地表演人性的美丑、思想以及权力,深邃的东西被信息的山系压垮了,情感被速度扭弯了身形,然后又被快速地覆盖。我们不得不将我们的闲暇、冥想、自由作为信物交给所使用的工具,而具有高度精度、细腻肌理和洞察力的表达则越来越成了稀罕物。或许就像弥尔顿所说,真正的思想将“匿迹于黑夜永在的广袤子宫里,再无知觉”。而我们这个时代的阅读方式和品味,必将被这样的背景重塑。

60多年前,英国诗人菲利普·拉金曾说:“为什么要让工作这只癞蛤蟆/蜷伏在我的生活上?/难道不能用智慧作长叉/撵走这个丑东西?”相比于拉金所埋怨的工作这只“癞蛤蟆”,我们现在要面对的“癞蛤蟆”要棘手得多了。我们比30年前更焦虑了,工作的压力更大了,物欲与身体跑得太快,灵魂的步子跟不上来,经典在面临挑战,孤独也更深重了。一个具体的表征,就是谈论为什么阅读以及如何阅读的书越来越多了,卡尔维诺、布鲁姆、伊格尔顿、希金斯等人都纷纷传播自己的阅读理念。布鲁姆曾说,从某些方面来说,是莎士比亚创造了我们,我们才有今天的模样。这话主要适用于英语世界,且不无偏激之处,但它表明一个人之所以是一个人,而不是其他人,主要基于一个人的阅读史所赋予他的知识结构、心灵体验以及行为方式。因此,读什么、如何读一定程度上决定了一个人存在以及理解世界的方式。换言之,所读即所是。

一般说来,应付工作那只“癞蛤蟆”是比较容易的,要清除掉盘踞在我们心里的“癞蛤蟆”则难得多。这“癞蛤蟆”,既可以是平庸与浮躁,也可以是孤独与惰性,还有可能是我们自身难以克服的其他缺陷。目前来看,去除它们最重要的途径依然是阅读。我们必须首先通过阅读更新自身的知识结构,尽可能地扩大自己的阅读面。一个人在达到一定年龄后,容易陷入知识结构的固化和认知抵触,躲在原有的知识掩体里拒绝新知,于是“智障”便发生了。这是很可悲的。高质量的阅读,除了谨慎地选择阅读内容,还需要正确的阅读方法。比如读英文诗,伊格尔顿的《如何读诗》就是很好的入门读物。布鲁姆著作的广度和深度超过了伊格尔顿,尤其是他80多岁重写的《影响的剖析》,很值得细读。布鲁姆精辟地指出,兴味与洞见是孤独读者的意识属性,而这些属性需要阅读最优秀精神产品的涵养与培育,需要灵魂和智慧的介入,而后方能思接千载,视通万里。

倘若一个人不肯心甘情愿地成为偷窃者或复制品,那么这个人便有了让孤独绽放出绚烂花朵的诉求,有了追寻心灵自由与自我完善的动机,阅读乃是达成这一目的的津筏。

□张宪光(作者系书评人)

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