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【快语锐言】忠诚的价值意蕴

2017-09-05 07:22:18   中国青年网

马正立

忠者,敬也,“尽己之心”谓忠;诚者,信也,“真实无妄”谓诚。在中华传统文化中,忠诚是君子行立于天地自然之间的根本。一个言行忠诚的人,即使到了荒蛮偏远的地方,也行得通,“言忠信,行笃敬,虽蛮貊之邦,行矣”。反之,一个缺乏忠诚的人,则犹如没有车辕的马车,寸步难行,“人而无信,不知其可也。大车无车兒,小车无车兀,其何以行之哉”。

忠诚就是复归本性不忘初心

在中华传统文化中,“人法地、地法天、天法道、道法自然”,天地自然包容万物,气宇广大,化生万物,赋予万物自然之理。万物因各得其本性,以此顺天地自然的德性。所谓天地自然之德,就是大自然的精神,大自然滋养万物但无私无欲,“生而不有,为而不持,长而不宰”。“忠诚”是天地自然赋予人的本性,犹如上天的德性一样“尽己之心,信实无妄”。人作为大自然的一部分,人的本性顺乎天地自然的德和道,人的本性对天地自然的德和道是始终明白的,这种明白从未停息过。但是,由于气禀各异所拘束或由于人世物欲所蒙蔽,则有时而昏,常常迷失本性,犹如黎巴嫩诗人纪伯伦的那句名言一语中的,“我们已走得太远,以至于忘记了为什么而出发”。故人须循着自身的发展,逐渐去“明明德”,以恢复到其本性明白的最初状态。

对于大部分人来说,复归本性需要秉承忠诚之心,以复其初,“唯天下至诚为能尽其性”。人一生的成长就是不断“复归其初”而“明心见性”,达到“与天地合其德,与日月合其明,与四时合其序”的过程。反过来,人自身的本性一旦发挥出来,就能充分发挥其他人的本性,进而能充分发挥万物的本性,以此帮助天地自然培育生命,人就可以与天地二者并列为三,“能尽其性,则能尽人之性。能尽人之性,则能尽物之性。能尽物之性,则可以赞天地之化育。可以赞天地之化育,则可以与天地参矣”。

忠诚就是恪守中正之道

在中华传统文化中,“忠”字有一个解释“尽中心也”,即“中庸”和“中和”的意思。中正之道就是指“中庸”或“中和”。朱熹在《四书章句集注》中说:“不偏不倚谓中,不易谓庸。中者,天下之正道,庸者,天下之定理”。中庸的完整意思是坚定不移地恪守天下正道,这也是忠的涵义。“中庸”被孔子推崇为一种至高无上的品德,“中庸之为德也,其至矣乎,民鲜久矣”。做到“中庸”需要不断地自我修养,保证自己总是恪守正道,“一箪食,一瓢饮,居陋巷,人不堪其忧,回也不改其乐”,像颜回一样,即便在最简陋的环境里也能把坚守中正之道作为一种乐趣。修道守仁,不为称名于外,即使是一辈子默默无闻也不后悔,“遁世不见知而不悔”。“中和”则是天下的根本和达道。“喜怒哀乐之未发,谓之中;发也皆中节,谓之和”。“忠”的要求就是“中节”,这个“中节”的地方不是中间的地方,而是最恰当地顺应自然规律的地方。一旦达到了“中和”的状态,则“天地位焉,万物育焉”。

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