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加大中华文化海外传播力度(大家手笔)
2017-09-05 05:16:42 中国青年网
我国既拥有博大精深的传统文化,又拥有多姿多彩的现代文化。当前,中华文化需要进一步融入世界多元文化的大家庭,世界各国也越来越希望深入了解中华文化。可以说,推动中华文化海外传播、提升中华文化的世界影响力,已成为实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的重要组成部分。
文化的含义很广泛,中华文化到底包括哪些内容、应该如何科学分类,不同的人有不同的看法。从海外传播的视角,我们可以将中华文化分为“硬文化”和“软文化”。“硬文化”主要是指反映各方面生活的有形文化,包括旅游文化、服饰文化、习俗文化、汉字文化等。“软文化”主要是指反映精神风貌的无形文化,包括心态文化、思维文化、艺术文化等。“硬文化”的海外传播,主要是通过其固定性、形态性来吸引其他国家民众了解、认识、欣赏中华文化。比如,很多国外民众对中国功夫很感兴趣,加强中国功夫文化的海外传播,能够增强国外民众对中华文化的向往。“软文化”的海外传播,主要是希望增进其他国家民众对我们民族精神、伦理道德、核心价值观、思维方式等的了解、理解和尊重。
当前,“硬文化”的海外传播渠道比较多,可以依靠政府或民间的国际文化交流活动进行,如举办各种文化展览和文化博览会、开展文化互访演出活动等。也可以通过沟通协调,在其他国家国民教育中设置中文课程。此外,还可以通过各个国家的汉学家、中文翻译人员将中华文化推荐给其本国民众。那么,“软文化”的传播渠道应该如何拓展呢?实践证明,“软文化”与“硬文化”应紧密结合,在进行“硬文化”传播时善于传播我们的民族精神、伦理道德、核心价值观、思维方式等。例如,在开展汉语教学时,可以适当融入反映中华传统文化精髓、当代中国人核心价值观和伦理道德的内容。把“软文化”传播寓于“硬文化”传播之中,不仅可以拓展“软文化”传播的渠道,而且能收到事半功倍的效果。
无论是“硬文化”还是“软文化”的海外传播,要想真正取得实效,需要考虑四个方面的因素:一是其他国家对中华文化的需求。这包括其他国家发展的需求、其他国家民众精神生活的需求等。如果有强烈的需求,他们就会积极主动地了解和学习中华文化,有选择地加以吸收借鉴。二是文化本身对其他国家民众的吸引力、感染力。意大利的但丁、英国的莎士比亚、法国的巴尔扎克等人的文学作品,意大利的达·芬奇、荷兰的梵高、西班牙的毕加索等人的绘画作品,德国的贝多芬、俄国的柴可夫斯基等人的音乐作品,这些优秀作品之所以能脍炙人口、传遍世界各国,靠的就是超越民族、超越国界的艺术魅力。三是文化传播者的良好形象。常言道:“自尊者人尊,自重者人重,自敬者人敬。”要想让中华文化更好融入世界多元文化大家庭,提升中华文化的吸引力,必须深入思考文化传播者的形象问题。外派外访的国家工作人员、汉语教师以及自费出访的中国公民包括旅游者,都是中华文化的形象大使,都是中华文化的窗口与镜子,其言谈举止直接关系中华文化的吸引力。四是文化传播者的良好心态。文化很难强加于人。推动中华文化海外传播,传播者要有良好心态,必须尊重文化多样性,认识到各种文化各有千秋,没有高低优劣之分。在中华文化海外传播过程中,决不能贬损其他文化。要通过中华文化的海外传播,让世界各国民众体会到中国尊重世界各民族文化,愿意与不同文化进行交流互鉴,从而树立和维护中国的良好形象。
(作者为北京大学教授)
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