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国际在线消息(记者 高翰伦):“宁夏归来不看沙”,这句话是眼下国内外游客对宁夏沙漠旅游最好的评价。在宁夏中卫市沙坡头景区,一望无际的黄沙被人们驯化,世界各地的游客们也因此能有机会骑着骆驼畅游沙海,或者到高度超一百米的鸣沙山体验一把激情滑沙。然而大约60年前,这里却是另一番景象,肆虐的黄沙常常会造成交通中断。
据宁夏农林科学院副院长李生宝介绍:“58年的时候呢,包兰铁路,它是必经的地方,那个时候只能在黄河水上架一座桥,那非常难,而且不架桥从沙坡头那经过相对来说近一点,修了铁路以后沙坡头那里经常堵,58年修完以后就开始治理。”
1958年,包兰铁路竣工。然而在滕格里沙漠东南缘,宁夏沙坡头地段,铁路常常被风沙掩盖。沙坡头属草原化荒漠地带,自然条件恶劣,沙尘暴频发,沙丘裸露,铁路不堪沙害侵袭,最终被迫停运、改道。为了防沙治沙,确保铁路畅通无阻,一场严酷的攻坚战打响了。李生宝回忆说:“在那个时候,环境非常恶劣,植被退化严重,要靠循序渐进的治理,速度太慢,环境还会恶化,那么我们只有靠静的方法,用严厉的手段把它静住,用最快的速度达到环境的治理和修复。”
沙坡头地区地表植被稀少,地区具有大面积的流动沙丘,它们在风力作用下顺风向移动,不仅会阻碍铁路运行,更会导致沙尘暴等恶劣情况,对周边地区产生危害。全国劳模、治沙英雄王有德回忆说:“过去都是一年十多次,天都浑了,天空全部是浑的。一刮沙尘,一米都看不见路,包括公路铁路,包括机场都会被沙埋,大部分泥沙都进入黄河,危害母亲河。”
而所谓静的方法,就是采用防风固沙的强力手段,迫使流动沙丘静止下来。为了尽快减少灾害、疏通铁路,治沙迫在眉睫。在多年的治沙实践中,智慧的宁夏人民创造出了许多独特而有效的沙漠化防治技术,逐渐形成了独特的“五带一体”防风固沙体系。宁夏沙坡头旅游产业集团有限责任公司副董事长陶能说:“这种治沙体系就是由‘五带一体’来构成,所谓‘五带一体’,也就是围绕着治沙核心区通过五个治沙带,形成一个立体的防护体系。具体在沙坡头表现为:在包兰铁路两侧的近铁路一侧的砾石防护带,这是第一带;第二带就是沙坡头最著名的,也是影响很多地方的治沙成果的就是麦草方格治沙带,通过轧制一乘一米的麦草方格,来固定流动的沙丘,形成了沙坡头独特的治沙模式之一,这叫做麦草方格治沙带;除此之外还有育林带,还有沙墙形成的拦沙带等等。这种‘五带一体’的治沙模式成为了最环保,最生态的治沙体系。”
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