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艺术家的博弈

2017-09-04 15:40:58   中国青年网

《竞争的艺术》

(澳)塞巴斯蒂安·斯密

凤凰文艺出版社

《竞争的艺术》

(澳)塞巴斯蒂安·斯密

凤凰文艺出版社

澳大利亚艺术评论家、普利策获得者塞巴斯蒂安·斯密年轻时,有一次幸以拜访英国表现主义画家卢西安·弗洛伊德。那时弗洛伊德已经79岁了,但依然精神矍铄,思维敏捷。斯密发现,这位大师家中墙上挂着一幅英国著名画家、同时也是他的好友弗朗西斯·培根的巨幅画作。然而当初弗洛伊德买回这幅画后不久,就和培根的友谊出现裂隙。但尽管如此,他从来没让这幅画离开过他,甚至不同意外借展览。

很多年后,斯密在《竞争的艺术》一书中,重新提及了这个细节。或许正是从那时起,他便开始留意于伟大艺术家之间既惺惺相惜又暗暗较劲、甚至一度疏离的微妙关系。《竞争的艺术》正是这样一本书,斯密在其中讲述了四对这样的关系,分别是弗洛伊德和培根、马奈和德加、马蒂斯和毕加索、波洛克和德·库宁。

这本书的英文书名为“The Art of Rivalry”,“rivalry”一词翻译作“竞争”,固然是其标准译文,但据书中所写内容,从字面上又无法表现全部的意涵。斯密在序言中解释道:“这里所描写的竞争关系所代表的并不是传统意义上的敌人,也不是充满仇恨的竞争者,更不是必须分出高低胜负的对手。相反,这本书是关于忍让,关于亲密关系以及对方对于相互影响的开放态度。一言以蔽之,是关于艺术家如何受到同伴的影响……在描写艺术家彼此之间相互吸引的同时,也记录了他们关系的破裂与背叛。”

对艺术家,皆是在这种亲密、吸引、影响、怨怼的动态平衡中维持着他们之间的关系。有些故事,甚至始终令人费解。德加曾为好友马奈及其夫人画了一幅双人肖像,一向温文尔雅的马奈却不知何故用刀子割掉了画的一部分。这件事引起了两人之间的争吵,但马奈死后,德加始终保存着和他有关的作品。波洛克和德·库宁是好友,但在波洛克离世一年后,德·库宁便和他的女朋友高调谈起了恋爱。马蒂斯和毕加索也是如此,马蒂斯去世后,毕加索在家中最显眼的位置留着马蒂斯画的肖像,却又乐意让朋友把那张画作为练习飞镖的靶子。

艺术家之间的博弈,不一定能保护好他们的友谊,但在艺术上促成的结果却是,他们在风格上相互影响,最终发现了自己“独立的声音”。譬如,正是培根粗犷、怪诞、噩梦般的笔触,为弗洛伊德早期严谨苛刻的风格注入了强烈的情欲表达。这种“竞争”的结果是,他们都成为了伟大的艺术家,对我们这些仰头瞻仰其作品的后人来说,自然是最好也最求之不得的。斯密写道,“艺术家需要一个同伴”——或许“同伴”这个词,才是最好的定义:并肩而行也好,一先一后也好,比起生活中形影不离、亲密无间的朋友来,艺术上的精神知音才是更可贵的。

斯密将艺术史知识和艺术鉴赏的见解圆融地融入到了艺术家传记的写作中,人物、艺术和社会环境相伴相生,紧密联结,既扣人心弦,又富有权威的说服力,对于普通读者来说,也是一部具有充分可读性与营养性的艺术入门读物。

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