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【绿色发展 绿色生活】湖北洪湖实施退渔还湖 再现鸟飞鱼跃秀美景象(组图)
洪湖拆围前后对比图
国际在线报道(记者 蔡建新 关超):中国湖北省的第一大湖洪湖位于湖北省中南部,长江中游北岸,总面积4万多公顷,是长江中下游重要的生态区和候鸟栖息地,具有灌溉、渔业、航运、旅游、科研等多种功能。
十多年前,洪湖因无序发展养殖业,湖面围网密布,杂乱不堪,不仅影响洪湖景观和航行,还破坏了洪湖的生态系统和生物多样性。为治理洪湖,去年底,洪湖国家级自然保护区管理局会同湖北省政府部门,联合拆除这些养殖围网,请常年居住在湖中的1600多户渔民搬迁到岸上居住。
近日,记者乘快艇进入洪湖采访,发现航路通畅,清理后的湖面显得辽阔起来。厉恩华博士是中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所环境与灾害监测评估湖北省重点实验室的研究员,他介绍说,养殖围网目前已全部拆除,当地生态环境开始好转:“现在我们把它(围网)拆除了,破碎的景观被联通了,现在洪湖和以往不同在于,现在感觉洪湖大了,破碎化的情况改观了,不同区域物种的信息交流流畅,水循环好一些。高强度的养殖取消之后,水环境有望改善,植被有望恢复,生物多样性有望提高。”
拆围后水面辽阔的洪湖
上世纪五六十年代,洪湖水域辽阔,水草丰茂,物产丰富,湖中水生植物有近500种,还生长着约60种鱼类、130多种鸟类,每年在这里驻足越冬的鸟儿多达几百万只。然而,上世纪80年代中期,水生植被疯长也使洪湖面临沼泽化的危险。当时,不少专家建议以鱼治草、走生态养殖之路。为此,政府管理部门、科研部门联合渔民,开展渔业围网养殖试验。洪湖国家级自然保护区管理局副调研员曾晓东介绍说:“这个养殖试验在1986年获得成功,一直到1995年,洪湖养殖规模在3-5万亩(约3000公顷)之间,既合乎渔业法(有关渔业养殖面积不得超过湖泊面积)10%的规定,对于洪湖(的生态环境)也是可以承受的。另外一个,当时洪湖的总体生态环境比目前要好,它的承载能力也要更强一点,所以,生态环境总体上呈现一个比较和谐的状态。”
1995年之后,大量外地客商到洪湖投资,养殖业发展走向无序。据洪湖国家级自然保护区管理局统计,2004年,洪湖渔业养殖面积超过占整个洪湖面积约六成,过度的围网养殖导致水质严重下降,水草覆盖率从历史记录的98.6%下降到2004年的40%。大量养殖区域的存在还阻碍了鸟类飞行,破坏了鸟类栖息地。武汉大学的一项调查结果显示,2004年在洪湖仅发现4000多只鸟,这和以往数百万只的规模形成了巨大的落差。与此同时,原来天然鱼类生长的地方现在成了人工养殖的地方,天然捕捞在洪湖基本消失了。
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